BIOL126 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Depolarization, Integumentary System, Medulla Oblongata
10 Jun 2018
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Scientific Terminology, Body Organisation and Body Systems
1.1 What are Anatomy, Physiology and Histology?
Anatomy: study of both internal and external structures of the body, and the physical relationships
between body parts I.e. what structures are made of and where they are located.
E.g how a specific muscle attaches to the skeleton.
Physiology: study of the functions of the anatomical structures both individually and as a group.
e.g. how a muscle contracts; or what forces are being applied to the bone upon contraction.
Histology: study of biological cells and tissues (using microscopes).
e.g. using microscopy to determine the specific cells that comprise an individual muscle.
1.2 How is the human body organised?
1.2.1 cells, tissues, organs, systems
Atoms form molecules;
Molecules form cells;
Cells form tissues;
tissues form organs;
organs form body systems;
body systems for an individual human.
1.2.2 the structures making up each body system
1.2.3 what each system does
•Chemical level: sub-atomic particles; sodium ions triggering depolarisation in body cells; carbon
atoms forming the backbone of macromolecules such as proteins and carbohydrates.
•Cellular level: immune cells that fight infection; red blood cells that transport oxygen and carbon
dioxide.
•Tissue level: epithelial cells form epithelium (tissue lines and covers body organs passageways
and surfaces); smooth muscle cells form the middle muscle layer of all hollow organs of body
(except heart); contraction + substances moved.
•Organ level: heart, arteries, brain.
•Organ system level: integumentary, respiratory, cardiovascular.
1.2.4 how the different tissues contribute to this
1.3 What is the anatomical position, and why is it used?
• refers to body placement in space.
•Provides common worldwide reference point for describing location of body parts and regions.
1.3.1 terms that describes structures in relation to each other
1.3.2 different ways of describing
parts of the organ and body positions and
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Document Summary
Anatomy: study of both internal and external structures of the body, and the physical relationships between body parts i. e. what structures are made of and where they are located. E. g how a speci c muscle attaches to the skeleton. Physiology: study of the functions of the anatomical structures both individually and as a group. e. g. how a muscle contracts; or what forces are being applied to the bone upon contraction. Histology: study of biological cells and tissues (using microscopes). e. g. using microscopy to determine the speci c cells that comprise an individual muscle. Cells form tissues; tissues form organs; organs form body systems; body systems for an individual human. 1. 2. 2 the structures making up each body system. 1. 2. 4 how the different tissues contribute to this. 1. 3 what is the anatomical position, and why is it used: refers to body placement in space, provides common worldwide reference point for describing location of body parts and regions.
