PHTY100 Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: Popliteus Muscle, Abductor Hallucis Muscle, Sesamoid Bone

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jadeoyster197

30 Jun 2018

School

ACU

Course

PHTY100

Professor

Cath Jameson

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ANAT LA week 7  Muscles of the Leg and Foot

- Muscles of the leg – by compartment

- Additional foot features:

oRetinacula

oSynovial sheaths

oDorsal digital expansion

oPlantar aponeurosis

- Foot muscles – by layer

Muscles of the Leg (knee to ankle)

- We will group today by compartment

oPosterior

oAnterior

oLateral

- Fascia separates the superficial and deep posterior compartments

- Many two-joint muscles  knee and ankle, ankle and tarsal joints and beyond

oWill need to consider actions at both joints

oWhen a muscle crosses two joints, action happens at the most distal joint

first

- Location of tendon at the ankle is a quick reliable way to begin determining action

oBehind the malleoli – performs plantarflexion

oIn front of the malleoli – performs dorsiflexion

oLateral to anterior-posterior axis of foot – performs eversion

oMedial to anterior-posterior axis of foot – performs inversion

Posterior group – superficial

- Three muscles:

oGastrocnemius (a) – big muscle

Two heads – medial and lateral head

Comes off medial and lateral condyles, crossing the knee

Technically can contribute to knee flexion but doesn’t have a great

line of pull for it

Sits superficial on top of soleus

oSoleus (b)

Doesn’t cross the knee

oPlantaris (c)

Vestigial muscle  evolving out of them – some people don’t have

plantaris

Short muscle belly that becomes a long tendon

Insertion differs from person to person – either inserts beside

calcaneus or into calcaneus

- Note: gastrocnemius and soleus can be referred to as triceps surae  they merge

with fascia to form Achilles tendon  act together to plantarflex, postural muscles

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Posterior group – deep

- Three muscles

oTibialis posterior

oFlexor hallucis longus (hallucis =

big toe)

Long muscle that flexes

big toe

oFlexor digitorum longus

Long muscle that flexes

toes

- When finding these in labs, Tom Dick

and Very Naughty Harry

oTom = Tibialis posterior

oDick = flexor digitorum longus

oVery = vein

oNaughty = nerve

oHarry = Flecor hallucis longus

- Popliteus is very deep and crosses back of knee but isn’t technically part of posterior

group because it doesn’t go down into foot

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Lateral Group

- Two muscles

oPeroneus longus (also called fibularis longus)

Top 1/3

oPeroneus brevis (also called fibularis brevis)

- Both pull fibula

- Wrap around posterior to lateral malleolus

- Good at eversion and contribute extra for plantarflexion

Anterior Group

- Four muscles

oTibialis anterior

oExtensor hallucis longus

Extends big toe

oExtensor digitorum longus

Comes down as one body and splits into multiple tendons that go to

the four toes

oPeroneus tertius

- All dorsiflex the ankle

Tendons of anterior and lateral groups

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Document Summary

Anat la week 7 muscles of the leg and foot. Muscles of the leg by compartment. Additional foot features: retinacula, synovial sheaths, dorsal digital expansion, plantar aponeurosis. We will group today by compartment: posterior, anterior, lateral. Fascia separates the superficial and deep posterior compartments. Many two-joint muscles knee and ankle, ankle and tarsal joints and beyond: will need to consider actions at both joints, when a muscle crosses two joints, action happens at the most distal joint first. Three muscles: gastrocnemius (a) big muscle. Comes off medial and lateral condyles, crossing the knee. Technically can contribute to knee flexion but doesn"t have a great line of pull for it. Sits superficial on top of soleus: soleus (b) Doesn"t cross the knee: plantaris (c) Vestigial muscle evolving out of them some people don"t have plantaris. Short muscle belly that becomes a long tendon. Insertion differs from person to person either inserts beside calcaneus or into calcaneus.

Related Questions

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QUESTION 1

You examine a young patient in the emergencyroom who is complaining of ankle pain following a soccer game. Thepatient demonstrates to you that an accident resulted in his footbeing forced into an excessively inverted position. Based on thisscenario, which of the following is the most likely injury?

A. fractured lateral malleolus

B. medial malleolar dislocation

C. fractured talus

D. fractured calcaneus

E. tibial dislocation

QUESTION 2

Which of the following is incorrect pertainingto human locomotion?

A. Theknee extensors contract during the first part of the stancephase.

B. Thestance phase of walking is longer than the swing phase.

C. Thestance phase of walking begins with ï¿½foot-flatï¿½ as the entireplantar surface of the foot contacts the ground.

D. Thepush-off phase of walking is associated with contraction of theplantar flexors.

E. During walking there is a period when both feet are in contact withthe ground.

QUESTION 3

Which of the following would conclusivelydemonstrate functionality of the deep fibular nerve?

A. inversion of the foot

B. response to pin prick on the foot at the level of the malleoli

C. response to pin prick on the anteromedial surface of the middle ofthe leg

D. eversion of the foot

E. response to pin prick on the foot between the first and secondtoes

QUESTION 4

Which of the following is not correct for thecribriform plate?

A. Itis part of the ethmoid bone.

B. Itis located posterior to the frontal crest.

C. Itis located in the middle cranial fossa.

D. Itlies adjacent to the crista galli.

E. Itpossesses numerous tiny foramina that transmit olfactorynerves.

QUESTION 5

During a difficult delivery an obstetricianuses forceps to extract the infant. Upon examining the baby younotice forceps impressions posteroinferior to the ear. You are mostconcerned that the:

A. styloid process and associated muscles may have been avulsed.

B. forceps may have penetrated a fontanelle.

C. middle ear cavity may have been crushed.

D. facial nerve may have been injured.

E. mastoid process may have been avulsed.

QUESTION 6

Which of the following is incorrect pertainingto the scalp?

A. Blood vessels and nerves enter the scalp inferiorly.

B. Thescalp muscles (e.g., occipitofrontalis) are attached to thepericranium.

C. Scalp injuries can result in ï¿½black eyes.ï¿½

D. Superficial wounds do not gape because the margins of the wound areheld together by the epicranial aponeurosis.

E. Scalp infections may spread to the brain via emissary veins thatpass through parietal foramina.

QUESTION 7

Which of the following associations pertainingto the dural venous sinuses is incorrect?

A. confluence of the sinusesï¿½near internal occipital protuberance

B. arachnoid granulationsï¿½calcifications of arachnoid mater within thesinuses associated with arteriosclerosis

C. occipital sinusï¿½metastases via internal vertebral venousplexuses

D. inferior sagittal sinusï¿½located within the falx cerebri

E. sigmoid sinusï¿½continues inferiorly as internal jugular vein

QUESTION 8

You examine a comatose patient in theemergency room. His wife relates that her husband was struckaccidentally in his ï¿½templeï¿½ by a baseball. After an initial periodof unconsciousness, he seemed to be okay but later became drowsyand comatose. You suspect that the patient is suffering from:

A. anextradural (epidural) hematoma caused by a laceration of thetransverse venous sinus.

B. anextradural (epidural) hematoma caused by a laceration of a branchof the middle meningeal artery.

C. asubdural hematoma caused by a laceration of a branch of the middlemeningeal artery.

D. asubarachnoid hemorrhage caused by a laceration of the internalcarotid artery.

E. asubdural hematoma caused by a laceration of a branch of thetransverse venous sinus.

QUESTION 9

Which of the following associations isincorrect pertaining to the blood supply of the brain?

A. anterior communication arteryï¿½connects anterior cerebralarteries

B. middle cerebral arteryï¿½supplies the lateral surface of thebrain

C. cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis)ï¿½in most cases preventsdevelopment of neurological symptoms following acute ischemicstroke

D. cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis)ï¿½an anastomosis betweenthe two vertebral and two internal carotid arteries

E. hemorrhagic strokeï¿½severe headache and stiff neck

QUESTION 10

Which of the following is not correctpertaining to olfaction?

A. Theolfactory tract terminates in the medulla.

B. Theaxons of secondary olfactory neurons form the olfactory tract.

C. Thecentral processes of the right and left olfactory receptor neuronseach collectively form the right and left olfactory nerve.

D. Thecentral processes of the olfactory receptor neurons pass throughforamina in the cribriform plate.

E. Theolfactory nerves terminate in the olfactory bulb, which is incontact with the orbital surface of the frontal lobe of thebrain.

QUESTION 11

Upon neurological examination, you notice aslow pupillary light reflex in a patient's right eye. Which of thefollowing is consistent with this sign?

A. compression of the right facial nerve proximal to the geniculateganglion

B. compression of the right facial nerve distal to the geniculateganglion

C. compression of the right oculomotor nerve

D. lesion of the left long ciliary nerves

E. lesion of the right nasociliary nerve

QUESTION 12

Which of the following is not correct for thetrochlear nerve?

A. Itpasses through the superior orbital fissure.

B. Nerve injury is characterized by inability to focus on nearobjects.

C. Itinnervates the superior oblique.

D. Nerve injury is characterized by lack of coordination for the twoeyes when looking downwards.

E. Itemerges from the posterior aspect of the brainstem.

QUESTION 13

Which of the following is not correct for themotor fibers of the trigeminal nerve?

A. Theyinnervate the muscles of mastication.

B. Theypass through foramen ovale.

C. Theyare distributed entirely with the mandibular division.

D. Theyinnervate the tensor tympani muscle.

E. Theyoriginate in the trigeminal ganglion.

QUESTION 14

A lesion of the facial nerve may result in allof the following except:

A. lossof taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.

B. increase in loudness of sound

C. partial sensory denervation of the auricle.

D. inability to open eye.

E. lossof tear production.

QUESTION 15

Which of the following is not correctpertaining to the VIIIth (vestibulorcochlear) cranial nerve?

A. Itcontains somatic motor fibers.

B. Itenters the internal acoustic meatus.

C. Alesion can result in vertigo.

D. Alesion can result in tinnitus.

E. Alesion can result in hearing loss.

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PHTY100 Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: Popliteus Muscle, Abductor Hallucis Muscle, Sesamoid Bone

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