CHEM1201 Lecture Notes - Lecture 16: Calcium Hydroxide, Sodium Carbonate, Alkali Metal

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7 Jun 2018

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Why is the number of moles so important?

- Calculating quantities needed to make up solutions of specific concentrations

(molarities)

- Calculating the quantities of both the reactants required to carry out a chemical

reaction, and the amounts of products that will be formed

- Understanding and describing chemical reactions requires:

o A balanced chemical equation

o Relative amounts of each reactant needed

o Relative amounts of each product made

- These relationships are described in terms of moles

o 2NaCl(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) → PbCl2(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)

o 2 mole + 1 mole 1 mole + 2 mole

o to precipitate 0.5 mole PbCl2(s) how many moles of:

▪ NaCl are required? 1 mol

▪ Pb(NO3)2 are required? O.5 mol

Acids:

- Molecular compounds that releases H+ ions in H2O solution (H3O+)

- Usually consists of H atoms (written first) and atoms of a non-metal

(or group of non-metals)

- examples of binary acids:

o HF hydrofluoric acid contains fluoride

o HCl hydrochloric acid contains chloride

o HBr hydrobromic acid contains bromide

- Examples of oxyacids:

o HNO3 nitric acid contains nitrate ions

o H2SO4 sulfuric acid contains sulphate ions

- Organic acids:

o CH3COOH acetic acid contains acetate ions

o C6H5COOH benzoic acid contains benzoate ions

Acids in water solution:

- Acids dissolve in water to give the hydronium ion H3O+ (a more accurate description f

H+ in water)

o HCl(aq) + H2O(l) → H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

o H2SO4(aq) + 2H20(l) → 2H3O+(aq) + SO4

2−

(aq)

o CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l) → H3O+(aq) + CH3COO−

(aq)

- H3O+ is sometimes abbreviated to H+ when water is left out of the equation

o HCl(aq) → H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

o H2SO4(aq) → 2H+(aq) + SO4

2−

(aq)

Acid strength:

- Acids can also be classified into weak and strong acids

o Depends on the ease with which the acid releases its H+

- Strong acids:

o Completely dissociate to give ions in solution

o Most binary and oxyacids are strong

o E.g. HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3, H2SO4

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Document Summary

Calculating quantities needed to make up solutions of specific concentrations (molarities) Calculating the quantities of both the reactants required to carry out a chemical reaction, and the amounts of products that will be formed. Understanding and describing chemical reactions requires: a balanced chemical equation, relative amounts of each reactant needed, relative amounts of each product made. Molecular compounds that releases h+ ions in h2o solution (h3o+) Usually consists of h atoms (written first) and atoms of a non-metal (or group of non-metals) Examples of binary acids: hf, hcl, hbr hydrofluoric acid hydrochloric acid hydrobromic acid contains fluoride contains chloride contains bromide. Organic acids: nitric acid sulfuric acid contains nitrate ions contains sulphate ions: ch3cooh, c6h5cooh acetic acid benzoic acid contains acetate ions contains benzoate ions. Acids dissolve in water to give the hydronium ion h3o+ (a more accurate description f. H+ in water) (aq) + cl: hcl(aq, h2so4(aq) + 2h20(l) 2h3o, ch3cooh(aq) + h2o(l) h3o+

Related Questions

To understand how to use stoichiometry to convert between quantities of reactants and products in chemical equations. Stoichiometry describes the quantitative relationships among the reactants and products of a balanced reaction by directly comparing mole ratios. Stoichiometry can be used to convert mass, number of moles, or number of partides between products and reactants, as shown in the flowchart displayed in the figure. (Figure 1) How many grams of NH3 can be produced from 2.21molofN2 and excess HÂ« Express your answer numerically in grams. How many grams of H2 3re needed to produce 10.14g of NH3 ? Express your answer numerically in grams. How many molecules {not moles) of NHa are produced from 8.42 times 10-1g of Hg? Express your answer numerically as the number of molecules. In the following chemical reaction 2 mol of A will react with 1 mol of B to produce 1 mol of A B without anything left over: But what if you re given 2.8 mol of A and 3.2 mol of B7 The amount of product formed is limited by the reactant that runs out first, called the limiting reactant. To identify the limiting reactant, calculate the amount of product formed from each amount of reactant separately: Notice that less product is formed with the given amount of reactant A. Thus. A is the limiting reactant, and a maximum of 1.4 mol of A2B can be formed from the given amounts. If you had excess chlorine, how many moles of of aluminum chloride could be produced from 11 .Og of aluminum'7 Express your answer to three significant figures and include the appropriate units. Part B If you had excess aluminum, how many moles of aluminum chloride could be produced from 16.0g of chlorine gas, Limiting Reactant Procedure Express your answer to three significant figures and include the appropriate units. Part C Aluminum reacts with chlorine gas to form aluminum chloride via the following reaction: What is the maximum mass of aluminum chloride that can be formed when reacting 11.0g of aluminum with 16.3g of chlorine17 Express your answer to three significant figures and include the appropriate units.

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT AN ARRHENIUS BASE? KOH NH3 LiOH Sr(OH)2 Mg(OH)2 WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS A STRONG ACID IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION? HC2H3O2 HC1 HC1O2 H2S HC1O WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING REACTIONS IS NOT AN ACID-BASE REACTION? CaO + SiO2 rightarrow CaSiO3 CH3CHO + H2 rightarrow CH3CH2OH PO4^3- + H2O rightarrow HPO4^2- + OH- Na2O + SO3 rightarrow Na2SO4 BF3 + NH3 rightarrow F3BNH3 ALL OF THE FOLLOWING ARE OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS EXCEPT: H2(G) + F2 rightarrow 2HF(G) Ca(S) + H2(G) rightarrow CAH2(S) 2K(S) + 2H2O(L) rightarrow 2KOH(AQ) H2(G) 6Li(S) + N2(G) rightarrow 2Li3N(S) Mg3N2(S) + 6H2O(L) rightarrow 3Mg(OH)2(S) + 2NH3(G) WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS BEST DESCRIBED AS AN OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTION? SO2(G) + H20(L) rightarrow H2SO3(AQ) 2C1(G) rightarrow C12(G) 3O2(G) rightarrow 2O3(G) 2NO2(G) rightarrow N2O4(G) SO2(G) + O2(G) rightarrow SO3 WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING REACTIONS INVOLVES NEITHER OXIDATION NOR REDUCTION? N2 + 3H2 rightarrow 2NH3 NH4NO2 rightarrow N2 + 2H2O Cu + 2Ag+ rightarrow Cu^2+ + 2Ag 2CrO4^2- + 2H+ rightarrow Cr2O7^2- + H20 C2H4 + H2 rightarrow C2H6 ASSIGN OXIDATION NUMBERS TO EACH ATOM IN NITROUS ACID. H = +1, N=+5, 0=-l H=+l, N=+5, O=-2 H=+l, N=+3, O=-l H=+l, N=+3, O=0 H=+l, N=+3, O=-2 FOR THE REACTION THAT OCCURS IN A LEAD STORAGE BATTERY, Pb(S) + Pb02(S) + 2H+(AQ) + 2HS04-(AQ) rightarrow 2PbSO4(S) + 2H20(L) THE OXIDIZING AGENT IS HSO4- PbSO4 Pb PbO2 H+ IN THE BALANCED EQUATION 3Na+ + 3OH- + P4 + 2H2O rightarrow 3Na+ + 3H2OP2- + PH3 WHAT IS THE REDUCING AGENT? OH- Na+ H2O P4 PH3 ALL OF THE FOLLOWING REACTIONS ARE CALLED COMBINATION REACTIONS EXCEPT BaO(S) + SO2(G) rightarrow BaSO3(S) C6H10(L) + Br2(L) rightarrow C6H10Br2(L) Br2(L) + H20(L) rightarrow HOBr(AQ) + HBr(AQ) CaC12(S) + 6H2O(L) rightarrow CaC12 * 6H2O(S) 3H2(G) + N2(G) rightarrow 2NH3(G) A 12.0 SAMPLE OF NaOH IS DISSOLVED IN WATER, AND THE SOLUTION IS DILUTED TO GIVE A FINAL VOLUME OF 1.80 L. THE MOLARITY OF THE FINAL SOLUTION IS 6.67 M 0.167 M 0.300 M 0.150 M 1.85 M HOW MANY GRAMS OF LITHIUM NITRATE, LiN03 (68.9 G/MOL), ARE REQUIRED TO PREPARE 511.5 mL OF A 0.101 M LiN03 SOLUTION? 0.000750 G 3.56 G 0.281 G 349 G 0.0735 G WHICH SUBSTANCE WOULD PRODUCE 2 MOL OF PARTICLES PER MOLE OF SOLUTE WHEN DISSOLVED IN WATER? NH4CH3COO CH2O CO2 SO2 A1(NO3)3 WHAT MASS OF H3PO4 (98 G/MOL) IS PRESENT IN 59.7 L OF A 0.0438 M SOLUTION OF H3P)4? 0.0267 G 0.00390 G 2.56 Times 10^2 G 1.34 Times 10^5 G 13.9 G WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS A CORRECT STATEMENT OF CHARLE'S LAW, V/T = k THE VOLUME OF A GAS VARIES PROPORTIONALLY WITH THE PRESSURE THE VOLUME OF A GAS SAMPLE VARIES DIRECTLY WITH THE ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE ALL GAS SAMPLES OF THE SAME VOLUME OF STP CONTAIN THE SAME NUMBER OF ATOMS THE PRESSURE OF A GAS SAMPLE VARIES INVERSELY WITH THE VOLUME. ALL GAS SAMPLES OF THE SAME VOLUME AT STP CONTAIN THE SAME NUMBER OF MOLECULES. THE DENSITY OF A GAS IS 3.48 G/L AT STP. WHAT IS ITS MOLAR MASS? 115.7 G/MOL 104.7 G/MOL 6.4 G/MOL 22.4 G/MOL 78.0 G/MOL WHAT VOLUME OF AMMONIA GAS, MEASURED AT 455.9 MM HG AND 57.4 DEG C, IS REQUIRED TO PRODUCE 2.78 G OF AMMONIUM SULFATE ACCORDING TO THE FOLLOWING BALANCED CHEMICAL EQUATION? 2NH3(G) + H2SO4(AQ) rightarrow (NH4)2SO4(S) 0.0002233 L 0.000931 L 0.476 L 7.38 L 1.90 L CALCIUM NITRATE WILL REACT WITH AMMONIUM CHLORIDE AT SLIGHTLY ELEVATED TEMPERATURES, AS REPRESENTED IN THE EQUATION Ca(NO3)2(S) + 2NH4C1(S) rightarrow 2N2O(G) + CaC12(S) + 4H2O(G) WHAT IS THE MAXIMUM VOLUME OF N20 AT STP THAT COULD BE PRODUCED USING A 2.40-MOL SAMPLE OF EACH REACTANT? 6.55 Times 10^2 L 108 L 1.86 Times 10^-2 L 53.8 L 22.4 L WHAT IS THE PARTIAL PRESSURE OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN A CONTAINER THAT CONTAINS 7.64 MOL OF OXYGEN, 1.68 MOL OF NITROGEN, AND 1.42 MOL OF CARBON DIOXIDE WITH A TOTAL PRESSURE OF 529 MM HP? 376 MMHG 80.6 MMHG 82.7 MMHG 69.9 MMHG 529 MMHG A SAMPLE OF HYDROGEN IS COLLECTED BY WATER DISPLACEMENT AT 23.0 DEG C AND AN ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE OF 735 MMHG. ITS VOLUME IS 568 ML. AFTER WATER VAPOR IS REMOVED, WHAT VOLUME WOULD THE HYDROGEN OCCUPY AT THE SAME CONDITIONS OF PRESSURE AND TEMPERATRE? (THE VAPOR PRESSURE OF WATER AT 23.0 DEG C IS 21 MMHG)509 mL 539 mL 552 mL 568 mL 585 mL

Practice problems for exam 2 ______________

Useful Information:

h=6.626Ã10-34JÂ·s.; c=3.0Ã108 m/sec; E=hï® ; E= hc , ï¬ = h/mv; 1J = 1 kg-m2/s2 ï¬

mass of electron = 9.11 Ã 10-28 g, ïE= q + w ; 1 cal = 4.184 Joules Please Show all Work

1. Which of the following substances have standard heats of formation that are equal to zero by definition (circle your answers): H2(g), H(g), O3(g), H2O(s), H2O(l), Hg(l), Hg(s), Hg(g).

2. Limestone stalactites are formed in the reaction: Ca2+(aq) + HCO3-(aq) ï CaCO3(s) + CO2(g) +

H2O(l)
If one mole of CaCO3 is produced at 298 K under one atmosphere of pressure, the reaction performs 590 calories of expansion work, pushing back the atmosphere as CO2 is formed. At the same time, 9310 calories of heat are absorbed from the environment. What is ïE in Kcal/mole for CaCO3.

3. What is the minimum wavelength of light in AÌ (1 AÌ = 10-8 cm) needed to provide enough energy per quantum to rupture the chemical bond in hydrogen iodide (HI). The bond dissociation energy of HI is 71.4 Kcal/mole.

4. Sketch the shape and orientation of the following types of orbitals: s, px, dxy, dz2, dx2-y2

5. Give the values of (n) , (l) and (ml) for each orbital in the 4p subshell.

6. Write the complete electron configuration for the following: Ti 2+_____________________________________ Cr_______________________________________

N______________________________________

7. Calculate the standard enthalpy of formation ( ï Ho) for diamond from graphite [i.e. C (graphite) ï C (diamond)] given that:

C (graphite) + O2 ï CO2 (g) ( ï Ho = -393.5 KJ/mole) C (diamond)] + O2 ï CO2 (g) ( ï Ho = -395.4 KJ/mole)

If 1.0g of graphite is converted to diamond, what is the energy change? Is this an endothermic or exothermic reaction?

8. An 160 pound astronaut on his way to Mars is buzzing along at 10,000 miles per hour. (a) Express his weight in grams (one pound = 454 grams) so that you can calculate the astronautâs wavelength (1mile/hour = 44.7 cm/sec)

(b) Suppose the astronaut detects outside his spacecraft a proton (m=1.7 x 10-24 g) from a âsolar windâ moving at exactly the spacecraft velocity. What is the proton wavelength is in AÌ (1 AÌ = 10-8 cm.

9. What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy each of the following subshells? a) 3d_________________ b) 1s____________________ c) 2p ____________________

10. Identify the element represented by the following electronic configuration.

a) [Ne] 3s2____________________

b) What is the electron configuration for the first excited state of this atom.______________

11. Determine the number of valence electrons for each element.
(a) Br___________ (b) Na _________ (c) Sn __________

12. 175 g of Fe at 15.0oC is mixed with 225 g of H2O at 95.0oC. What is the final temperature of the mixture? The specific heats of iron= 0.448 J/g oC and water = 4.184 J/g oC). (keep in mind the following: heat gained + heat lost = 0 and q=mass x heat capacity x ïT)

13. (5 pts) Calculate values of ÎHrxn for the following reactions: CS2(g) + 3O2(g) ï® CO2(g) + 2SO2(g)

The heat of formation for the following substances is given in kJ/mol:

CS2 CO2 SO2 117.4 -393.51 -296.83

14. (6 pts) Use the electron configuration of Li and Be and determine which element has the greatest second ionization energy. Defend your answer.

15. Mark beside each of the following processes either âexoâ or âendoâ according to whether you think the process will release heat or absorb heat.

a. Ca(g) ï Ca(g)+2 + 2e-
b. I(g)+1e-ï I(g)-1
c. Ca(g)+2 + S(g)-2 ï CaS(s) d. I2(g)ï 2I(g)

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

16. (6 pts) In each of the following pairs, which of the two species is larger?
a) O-2 or Na+ b) Ti+4 or Ti+2 c) B or C d) N or N-3

17. Write down the Lewis dot structure for the following (a) N_______________ (b) Ne________________

18. THE BORN HABER CYCLE: I may have a problem on the Born Haber cycle. Please check my lecture notes to see how to set up the process and then calculate the lattice energy from the various thermodynamic quantities such as in the NaCl example below;

ï H ï¯ f NaCl = -411KJ

Na(s) ï® Na(g) ï H =108KJ
1â2 Cl2 ï® Cl(g) ï H = 122KJ Ionization Energy of Na ï H = 496 KJ Electron affinity of Cl ï H = -349KJ

CHEM1201 Lecture Notes - Lecture 16: Calcium Hydroxide, Sodium Carbonate, Alkali Metal

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