PHED-1506EL Lecture 3: Anatomy and Kinesiology Final Exam Notes
12 Jun 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
ANATOMY AND KIN
EXAM NOTES
DECEMBER 20TH 2017
CHAPTER 1: ORIENTATION OF THE HUMAN BODY
Anatomy: study of the structure of body parts and the relationship to one another (concrete)
Physiology: study of the function of body parts; how they work to carry out life-sustaining
activities
Subdivisions of Anatomy
1. Gross or Macroscopic Anatomy
Study of large, visible structures
Regional Anatomy: looks at all structures in a particular area of the body
System Anatomy: looks at one system (ie. cardiovascular, nervous, muscular, etc)
Surface Anatomy: looks at internal structures as they relate to overlying skin (visible muscle
masses or veins seen on surface)
2. Microscopic Anatomy
Deals with structures too small to be seen by naked eye
Cytology: study of cells
Histology: study of tissues
3. Developmental Anatomy
Studies anatomical and physiological development throughout life
Embryology: study of developments before birth
Structural Organization
Chemical level: atoms, molecules, and organelles
Cellular Level: single cell
Tissue Level: group of similar cells
Organ Level: contains two or more types of tissues
Organ System Level: organs that work close together
Organismal Level: all organ systems combined to make whole organ
Necessary Life Functions
1. Maintaining Boundaries
2. Movement
3. Responsiveness
4. Digestion
5. Excretion
6. Metabolism
7. Reproduction
8. Growth
Organ Systems
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1. Integumentary System
2. Skeletal system
3. Muscular system
4. Nervous system
5. Endocrine system
6. Cardiovascular system
7. Lymphatic system/immunity
8. Respiratory system
9. Digestive system
10. Urinary system
11. Male reproductive system
12. Female reproductive system
Survival Needs
1. Nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals and vitamins)
2. Oxygen
3. Water
4. Normal body temperature
5. Appropriate atmospheric pressure
Anatomical Terms
Standard Anatomical Position
Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward with thumbs pointing away from body
Directional Terms
One body structure in relation to another body structure
Orientation and Directional Terms
Superior (Cranial): above
Inferior (Caudal): below
Posterior (dorsal): behind
Anterior (ventral): in front of
Medial: on the inner side of
Lateral: on the outer side of
Intermediate: between a more medial and more lateral structure
Proximal: closer to origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Distal: farther from the origin of a body point or the point of attachment of a limb to the body
trunk
Superficial (external): toward or at the body surface
Deep (internal): away from the body surface; more internal
Regional Terms
Designate specific areas within the body
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Axial: head, neck, trunk
Appendicular: limbs (legs and arms)
Body Planes
Surfaces along which body or structure may be cut for anatomical study
Sagittal: divides body vertically into right and left parts
Midsagittal (median) plane: cut was made perfectly on midline
Parasagittal Plane: cut was off-centered, not on midline
Transverse (horizontal) plane: divides body horizontally into superior and inferior parts
Frontal (coronal) plane: divides body vertically into anterior and posterior parts
Sections: cuts made along a body plane
Oblique Section: results of cuts at angle other than 90 degrees to vertical plane
Body Cavities and Membranes
- Body contains internal cavities that are closed to the environment
- Cavities provide different degrees of protection to organs within them
Two Sets of Cavities
1. Dorsal Body Cavity
Protects fragile nervous system
a. Cranial Cavity (encases brain)
b. Vertebral cavity (encases spinal cord)
2. Ventral Body Cavity
Houses the internal organs and viscera
a. Thoracic cavity (two pleural cavities)
● Mediastinum
● Pericardial cavity
b. Abdominopelvic cavity
● Abdominal cavity
● Pelvic cavity
Membranes in Ventral Body Cavity
Serosa
Thin, double layered membrane that covers surfaces in ventral body cavity
a. Parietal serosa (lines internal body cavity walls)
b. Visceral serosa (covers internal organs)
Names for Specific cavity and organs
Pericardium: heart
Pleurae: lungs
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