Questions:
1) Summarize the article in your own words & define the idea of frontier tourism.
2) Why are more tourists engaging in "frontier tourism"?
Roughing It: Tourists Are Boldly Going Into African Trouble Spots
A conservationist in oil-rich Gabon leads the way in promoting tiny nationâs sur ing hippopotamuses and other natural attractions, as part of a regional push for tourism amid instability
By Alexandra Wexler
Oct. 19, 2018 5 30 a.m. ET
WONGA WONGUE, GabonâFor the past decade, an energetic conservationist has been building the foundations for a tourism industry in Gabon, where rare forest elephants stroll down the beach, hippopotamuses surf in the ocean waves and blue-faced mandrills march by the thousands through the jungle.
The challenges for Gabonâs national parks authority and its head, Lee White, include transporting clients to remote camps in a country with little infrastructure, recruiting pygmy trackers from deep within the jungle and training antipoaching units who have to battle armed hunters and illegal gold miners in one of the worldâs most pristine stretches of wilderness.
Over the past decade, with the support of government and overseas philanthropists, Mr. White has transformed Gabonâs parks authority from a group with just 100 staff with a budget of $500,000 to a $30 million operation with 800 employees, 175 cars, 35 boats and a number of aircraft, including a helicopter. Tourists have begun to arrive, with visitors up by a third this year through July compared with the average over the same period in 2017 at the countryâs most-popular national park for international tourists.
Mr. Whiteâs Gabonese gambit is at the leading edge of a trend attracting a growing list of African economies: frontier-tourism products in places that visitors often more-closely associate with conflict or instability.
In recent years, a small but swelling segment of the tourism market has been drawn to places like Chad, the Democratic Republic of Congoâs Virunga National Park, which was recently closed after two British tourists were kidnapped and their ranger killed, and war-torn Central African Republic. Tour operator Thomas Cook Group PLC recently sent a delegation to Sierra Leone, which has struggled with civil war and more recently an Ebola epidemic, to discuss offering package tours.
âThere is a trend recently of interest in âunexploredâ places,â said André Rodrigues Aquino, a senior natural-resources management specialist at the World Bank, who advises African
governments on their tourism sector. âItâs very linked to nature, places that have pristine unspoiled nature.â
The numbers are small compared with sub-Saharan Africaâs broader tourism market of $43.7 billion in 2017, according to the World Travel & Tourism Council. But countries with the strongest growth in international arrivals in 2016 compared with a year earlier were Sierra Leone, Nigeria, Eritrea and Togo, according to the African Development Bank.
âA lot of people who have traveled previously, particularly in Africa, are looking for different experiences in different places,â said Peter Fearnhead, chief executive of African Parks, a nongovernmental organization that manages 15 national parks in partnership with governments across Africa. âThe fact that [these places are] so edgy, weâre finding that thereâs an increasing interest.â
The niche but expanding market for frontier tourism in fractious security environments has governments and companies seeking to balance revenue potential against the investments and know-how needed to ensure safety.
Oil-rich Gabon, a sparsely-populated country the size of Colorado on Africaâs Atlantic seaboard, has one of the highest per-capita incomes in sub-Saharan Africa and is one of the more stable countries in the continentâs central region. But when Mr. White took the reins of the countryâs newly created national-parks agency in 2009, the vast nature reserves that cover about 20% of the country existed essentially only on paper.
= âThe first priority when I was appointed was to manage the parks and when necessary, defend them,â Mr. White said. He created antipoaching units and armed rapid-response teams to push, with much success, ivory poachers out of the parks.
There are exceptions. Parks officers have had two gunbattles with illegal gold miners in a park called Birougou in the past six months, Mr. White said.
At Zakouma, a national park in the desert nation of Chad, poachers had massacred about 90% of the parkâs elephants by the time African Parks took over its management in 2010. Since then, the group has transformed the region into a haven for one of Africaâs largest single herds, now about 560 elephants strong. By establishing flights to link the park with Chadâs capital cityâ and joining with a group of private guides as part of the marketing strategyâthe parkâs revenue is expected to be just under a $1 million this year, up from about $50,000 in 2015.
The mobile-tented safari experience that African Parks offers is booked about 18 months in advance, but it takes a maximum of just eight guests at a time and is limited to the dry season.
âItâs not a sustainable solution for the park,â said Stuart Slabbert, head of conservation-led economic development for African Parks.
Experts say national parks across the continent will struggle to expand their tourism revenue without a cooperative and supportive government.
In Gabon, Mr. Whiteâs plans have been aided by his close relationship with current President Ali Bongo Ondimba, established while his father, Omar Bongo Ondimba, was still in power. Though Gabon is
theoretically a democracy, the elder Mr. Bongo ruled for 42 years and the current president, who took over when he died in 2009, won close, tense elections in 2016 marred by accusations of fraud that ignited countrywide rioting.
This year, Mr. White began actively marketing safari-type trips to the parks for the first time. Possible sightings include sea turtles hatching on the countryâs beaches, humpback whales breaching in the surf and Western lowland gorillas lazing while their babies climb and swing around trees: a literal jungle gym.
âItâs not savanna tourism. You have to work to see this stuff,â said Michael Nichols, a photographer who took a picture of Gabonâs surfing hippos that Time magazine calls one of the 100 most influential images of all time. âThat doesnât preclude that itâs frigging unbelievable. It could be like the Amazon.â
