MECH 430 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Anabolic Steroid, Blood Doping, Dietary Supplement
9 Jun 2018
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Lecture 2 & 3
➢ Doping
o Definition: the use and abuse of performance enhancing substances in elite sport
o Derivation: from the Dutch word “dop,” an alcoholic beverage that Zulu warriors used prior to
battle
o Term became curt ~ start of the 20th century in reference to illegal drugging of racehorses
➢ Doping- History
o Egyptian slaves fed elixir → likely from khat leaves → stimulant
o Greek athletes ate supposedly energy boosting substances prior to activity
o Slaves of the Incas worked better after chewing coca leaves
o A century ago, marathoners & cyclists used strychnine, and cyclists used caffeine, cocaine, and
even alcohol for an advantage
o 1928 → IAAF bans doping → use of stimulants
o 1935 → isolation of testosterone with subsequent creation of artificial anabolic steroids
o WW II → concentration camp survivors given testosterone and nandrolone to enhance recovery
from starvation
o 1966 → FIFA (football) & UCI (cycling) introduce drug testing at championships
o 1968 → drug testing first used in Olympics Games
o 1974 → reliable test for anabolic steroids introduced
o 1976 → IOC bans anabolic steroids
o 1979 → testing for illegal drugs by IOC begins
o 1986 → IOC bans blood doping
o 1999 → World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) founded
o 2000 → first Olympics testing for EPO
o 2004 → BALCO indicted in the USA
2017 → on going revelations regarding use in professional sports
➢ Motivation for Use of Doping
o To enhance performance
▪ Increased strength endurance, alertness, aggression
▪ Decreased reaction time, fatigue, anxiety, muscle tremor
▪ There is a debate to allow everyone to take drugs and everyone would be under the same
conditions anyways
o Drive to win
o Relax
o Financial incentives → bonuses, endorsements, etc
o Belief that others are using PES (performance enhancing substances)
o Coping with pain and injury rehabilitation
o Weight control
o Hide use of other drugs
o Peer pressure and acceptance
o Role models
o Social support
o Pressure from coaches, parents, advisors, national sports organizations
o Perfectionism
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
➢ Motivations for Doping: Elite vs. Adolescent Athletes
o World class athletes already are “genetic freaks”
▪ They function at an elite level without performance enhancing substances (PES), but to
win against others at this level, they may resort to use of PES
▪ Genetic freaks’ improvement are minimal → it is mostly those who are not in good
athletic condition that benefit the most from taking drugs
• Ex: someone from a lower set point will gain 30% more muscle than someone
who is already super fit
o Elite athletes use doping because it is the edge they feel they need to win at top levels of their
sports
o Adolescent athletes ay use doping more due to peer, coach and parental pressure
▪ Ignorance of facts of PES
▪ Self-doubt
▪ To avoid the hard work needed to succeed
➢ Prevalence
o Estimated 11% of High school athletes, college and professional
o Majority of Olympic swimmer, cyclists, sprinters & weight lifters is believed to have taken drugs
▪ It is easy to avoid detection and have not been found out
o 50% of Hollywood actors > age 40
▪ also musicians, baby boomers, etc
▪ i.e. “youthful” image
▪ performance industry → advantage
o 2/3 of the 1998 Tour the France teams
o Billion Dollar Industry
o U.S. sales:
▪ 2007 → $20 billion
▪ 2008 → $56 billion
▪ 2009 → $79 billion
▪ as the drug testing industry improves, the drug prevention detecting industry improves
• you need to come up with more mechanisms to clear the drugs from your body to
avoid detection
➢ Cenegenics
o Not just for athletic performance
o E.g. cenegenics → hormone replacement therapy: mainly testosterone and GH + nutritive
supplements
o Cenegenics is an anti-aging system
o The program for men focuses on the goal of increasing physical and sexual vitality, decreasing
the risk of age-related disease, improving sleep, decreasing body fat, increasing muscle tone, and
enhancing mental acuity
o Women’s Program targets exercise, nutrition and hormone restoration
o It decreases the risk of heart disease, strokes and death connected with these reasons
o Fortetropin is a bioactive proteo-lipid complex composed of about >250 proteins, > 50 lipids, a
variety of peptides and other bioactive molecules isolated at a specific stage of development
from fertilized egg yolk
o The first examination fee can cost $3000-4000 plus the expenses associated with a trip to Las
Vegas → the program is based in Las Vegas
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
▪ Cenegenics cost is about $1,500 per month, the price of the supplements is about $1,000
▪ You will also need to pass blood tests costing around $600-900
▪ In a few months you’ll need to come back to Vegas for full examination which costs
another $3000
▪ The service and the supplement can be ordered online on the official Cenegenics website
▪ There are many supplements of HCG or something they say will stimulate your
endogenous system → be suspicious
➢ Excuses
o Some over the counter remedies have different ingredients depending upon the country of origin
▪ Some over the counter products have steroids in it without you realizing
▪ A product in Canada and Venezuela may contain different products and you don’t check
before consuming it
o Spiking → claim that someone spiked their drink or vitamin, it wasn’t their fault
o Testing procedures → some athletes would just disappear and not show up to the tests
o Natural occurrence
o Pre-existing medical condition
▪ Ex: Lance Armstong said he had to take testosterone to balance the loss of his testes
o “if a positive test is found two things are likely to have happened. Either the athlete has taken a
banned substance by mistake in an OTC medicine, or they have taken a substance which they
could only have got illegally.”
▪ Need to take responsibility whether it was on purpose or not
o “Quite a lot of these substances have to be taken by injection so it is very unlikely that they will
know nothing about it.”
▪ i.e. every athlete is responsible for what they ingest
➢ Drugs Common in Sports
o the different categories depend on what you are trying to get out of taking drugs
o Stimulants
o Depressants
o Steroids/GH/EPO → to build muscle and bones
o Beta-blockers → for relaxation ex: as an athlete for curling
you want to be relaxed to have better control
o Diuretics
➢ Stimulants
o Increase alertness
o Reduce fatigue
o Increase competitiveness and aggressiveness
o e.g. caffeine, amphetamines, cocaine, etc.
➢ Side effects
o Nervousness, insomnia, irritability
o Irregular heartbeats
o High blood pressure
o Convulsions and even sudden death
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
2017 on going revelations regarding use in professional sports. Motivation for use of doping: to enhance performance. Ignorance of facts of pes: self-doubt, to avoid the hard work needed to succeed. Prevalence: estimated 11% of high school athletes, college and professional, majority of olympic swimmer, cyclists, sprinters & weight lifters is believed to have taken drugs. Vegas the program is based in las vegas: cenegenics cost is about ,500 per month, the price of the supplements is about ,000, you will also need to pass blood tests costing around -900. Stimulants: increase alertness, reduce fatigue, increase competitiveness and aggressiveness, e. g. caffeine, amphetamines, cocaine, etc. Side effects: nervousness, insomnia, irritability, irregular heartbeats, high blood pressure, convulsions and even sudden death. Caffeine: a methylxanthine: same class as theophylline and theobromine, exerts its effects by, translocation of calcium for more muscular availability, blockage of adenosine receptors, blocking the sedative. Side effects: similar to side effects of other stimulants.
