NSE 22A/B Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Extrapyramidal System, Orthostatic Hypotension, Substantia Nigra
10 Sep 2019
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Document Summary
Nse22 winter hesi case study #4: parkinson"s disease. Parkinson"s disease (pd): progressive, neurodegenerative disease of basal ganglia (group of structures at base of brain that facilitate movement) Causes: degeneration of dopamine (da)-producing neurons in substantia nigra (basal ganglia structure located in midbrain and plays a role in reward and movement) which in turn disrupts normal balance btwn da and ach in basal ganglia. Da is needed for normal functioning of extrapyramidal motor system (i. e control of posture, support, and voluntary motion) Involves hand, diaphragm, tongue, lips, and jaw. Rigidity: increased resistance to passive motion when limbs are moved through rom. Stooped posture with head and trunk bent forward and legs flexed. Sleep problems (i. e difficulty staying asleep, restless sleep, nightmares, drowsiness, sudden sleep onset) Diagnosis requires at least 2 manifestations from tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia. Positive response to antiparkinsonian drugs confirm diagnosis. Levodopa-carbidopa (sinemet): antiparkinsonian drug that contains levodopa (l-dopa) and carbidopa in order to relieve bradykinesia, tremor, and rigidity.
