PSY 105 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Sampling Frame, Internal Validity, Scientific Method

• School: Ryerson University
• Department: Psychology
• Course: PSY 105
• Professor: Kristen Vikers

Document Summary

Overview: the scientific method, the who, what, when, where, why, and how of research, research design and validity, correlational designs, experimental designs, statistics basics, research ethics. X is the predictor or independent variable. When: the time frame: cross-sectional single time period, longitudinal over time. Where: the setting: laboratory study versus field studies. Why: validity: external validity generalize to real world settings. Internal validity cause-and-effect inferences (x y). In a correlational design variables are measured to examine if they are associated. Correlation causation: correlational designs pose too many threats to internal validity, correlation causation because one, cannot establish temporal order (x y versus y x, cannot rule out alternative explanations (i. e. , confounds) The conditions of causality: how does one establish causality, must show a comparable difference or association, must establish the temporal order of the variables (x y, not y x), must rule out alternative explanations (i. e. confounds).