SOC 505 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Animal Training, Reinforcement, Classical Conditioning
21 Oct 2016
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Document Summary
Reinforcements are outcomes that strengthen the probability of a response. Negative reinforcement involves taking away a stimulus. Punishment will weaken the probability of response. Like reinforcement, it can be positive or negative. Has several disadvantages: tells what not to do, creates anxiety, encourages subversive behaviour, may provide model for aggressive behaviour. Refers to the pattern of delivering reinforcers. Partial reinforcement occurs when we reinforce responses only some of the time: more resistant to extinction. Fixed ratio: r after regular number of responses. Fixed interval: r after a specific amount of time. Variable ratio: r after specific number of responses, on average. Variable interval: r after an average time interval. Animal training using shaping by successive approximations and chaining. Using token economies in clinical settings to shape desired behaviours. Two-process theory of anxiety says it begins by classical conditioning, but is maintained by negative reinforcement. I am bitten (ucs) by a dog (cs) resulting in fear (cr)
