Question #06: Basic functions of Renal, CV and Respiratory Systems The question for this week is as follows: Name the physiological responses and/or the relationships among buffers, respiratory, circulatory and renal systems involved in the homeostatic control following a metabolic acidosis. It is an absolute requirement that you answer this question based on the outline below. Precede each section of your answer with its heading, and make sure you answer ALL aspects outlined in each section. Hint: for this question you really have to think on âthe circleâ. The following are the section headings and their requirements: a) the example: which are the physiological responses and/or relationships among buffers, respiratory, circulatory and renal systems on which your answer will be based. Which was the origin of the metabolic acidosis in your example. Be as specific as you can in delimiting the boundaries of your example and the level(s) of organization your example will involve. b) the buffer involvement: how does the buffer system attempt to control the homeostatic variable (blood pH). Which, how and where is the signal to the buffer system recognized as input (receptors, afferent loop, and integration center), and how did the output of the integration center reached their targets (efferent loop, targets). The response this signal elicits is an acute (fast) or chronic (slow) compensatory mechanism. c) the respiratory involvement: how does the respiratory system attempt to control the homeostatic variable (blood pH). Which, how and where is the signal to the respiratory system recognized as input (receptors, afferent loop, and integration center), and how did the output of the integration center reached their targets (efferent loop, targets). The response this signal elicits is an acute (fast) or chronic (slow) compensatory mechanism. d) the circulatory involvement: how does the circulatory system attempt to control the homeostatic variable (blood pH). Which, how and where is the signal to the cardiovascular system recognized as input (receptors, afferent loop, and integration center), and how did the output of the integration center reached the targets (efferent loop, targets). The response this signal elicits is an acute (fast) or chronic (slow) compensatory mechanism. e) the renal involvement: how does the renal system attempt to control the homeostatic variable (blood pH). Which, how and where is the signal to the renal system recognized as input (receptors, afferent loop, and integration center), and how did the output of the integration center reached the targets (efferent loop, targets). The response this signal elicits is an acute (fast) or chronic (slow) compensatory mechanism. f) the integration pathways: how (the sensor, afferent, integrator, efferent, effector and feedback signals) and in which order (buffers, respiratory, cardiovascular, kidney) were the physiological systems involved, and recruited to participate in the homeostatic response to a metabolic acidosis. The most important component of this answer is: Why do you think such a sequential order in this homeostatic response was achieved? Please notice that this subquestion does NOT ask you to tell me what is the order, but it asks why that order occurred.

tealhorse238

Question #06: Basic functions of Renal, CV and Respiratory Systems The question for this week is as follows: Name the physiological responses and/or the relationships among buffers, respiratory, circulatory and renal systems involved in the homeostatic control following a metabolic acidosis. It is an absolute requirement that you answer this question based on the outline below. Precede each section of your answer with its heading, and make sure you answer ALL aspects outlined in each section. Hint: for this question you really have to think on âthe circleâ. The following are the section headings and their requirements: a) the example: which are the physiological responses and/or relationships among buffers, respiratory, circulatory and renal systems on which your answer will be based. Which was the origin of the metabolic acidosis in your example. Be as specific as you can in delimiting the boundaries of your example and the level(s) of organization your example will involve. b) the buffer involvement: how does the buffer system attempt to control the homeostatic variable (blood pH). Which, how and where is the signal to the buffer system recognized as input (receptors, afferent loop, and integration center), and how did the output of the integration center reached their targets (efferent loop, targets). The response this signal elicits is an acute (fast) or chronic (slow) compensatory mechanism. c) the respiratory involvement: how does the respiratory system attempt to control the homeostatic variable (blood pH). Which, how and where is the signal to the respiratory system recognized as input (receptors, afferent loop, and integration center), and how did the output of the integration center reached their targets (efferent loop, targets). The response this signal elicits is an acute (fast) or chronic (slow) compensatory mechanism. d) the circulatory involvement: how does the circulatory system attempt to control the homeostatic variable (blood pH). Which, how and where is the signal to the cardiovascular system recognized as input (receptors, afferent loop, and integration center), and how did the output of the integration center reached the targets (efferent loop, targets). The response this signal elicits is an acute (fast) or chronic (slow) compensatory mechanism. e) the renal involvement: how does the renal system attempt to control the homeostatic variable (blood pH). Which, how and where is the signal to the renal system recognized as input (receptors, afferent loop, and integration center), and how did the output of the integration center reached the targets (efferent loop, targets). The response this signal elicits is an acute (fast) or chronic (slow) compensatory mechanism. f) the integration pathways: how (the sensor, afferent, integrator, efferent, effector and feedback signals) and in which order (buffers, respiratory, cardiovascular, kidney) were the physiological systems involved, and recruited to participate in the homeostatic response to a metabolic acidosis. The most important component of this answer is: Why do you think such a sequential order in this homeostatic response was achieved? Please notice that this subquestion does NOT ask you to tell me what is the order, but it asks why that order occurred.

a) Name the structure and the function on which your overall answer will be based? Be as specific as you can in delimiting the boundaries of your example (the most important part of your answer, since the following b, c, & d sub-questions are based on your answer to this first sub-question, a). Please notice that only 1 item is required (in your answer it should be labeled as âaâ). This answer should look like: âa.- My structure (S) is â¦. and its function (F) is â¦â. In same cases a second sentence might be needed. b) Why do you think that your structure and your function are related? Support your contention based on 3 lines of evidence based on the chemistry, physics, anatomy, or physiology involved in your example. Please notice that 3 items are required (answers should be labeled as âb1, b2, and b3â). One of this answers might look like: âb1.- If I do this experiment and measure this variable using this technique, this result will suggest that my S/F is correctâ. Please notice that MY question does not ask you to tell me what happens since this can be copy from any source, but it asked how do you know that your S/F relationship is true. c) Which are the levels of organization involved in your example (c1)? Cite events occurring at its main level of organization (c2) and indicate how they relate to the whole body level (c3). Please notice that 3 items are required (thus, answers should be labeled as âc1, c2, and c3â). These answers should look as follows: âc1.- molecularâ or any level of organization involved in your âaâ answer (S/F); âc2.- the first event is; the next even is; the middle event is; the next event is; the last event isâ. Five events distributed equidistant from each other is a good summary for the story line of the your S/F named in your âaâ answer. Finally, âc3.- at a whole individual level my S/F described in âaâ plays this roleâ. d) Which are the main feedback mechanisms involved in your example (cite at least two) (d1)? Expand on one of them (d2) and name 2 absolute requirement for that feedback to work (d3). Please notice that 3 items are required (answers should be labeled as âd1, d2, and d3â). These answers should look as follows: âd1.- an increase in this negative feedback ligand must decrease this variable under controlâ. This is how you NAME a negative feedback. For d1 you need to name two negative feedbacks; âd2.- the first event is; the next even is; the middle event is; the next event is; the last event isâ. Five events distributed equidistant from each other is a good summary for the most important negative feedback story line involved as a control of the your S/F named in your âaâ answer, that you named in d1; âd3.- this two components are absolutely necessary for the negative feedback described in d2 to be operational.

olivecockroach360

1. Kidneys help to maintain a proper balance of _________ within the body.

Phosphorous

Chloride

Potassium

Calcium Phosphate

ions

All of the above

2. The nervous system has how many major categories?

3

2

13

4

3. Which major category of the nervous system contains both the Somatic and the Autonomic divisions?

Central Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System

Neither of these

Both of these

4. Which organ or structure helps to control the master endocrine gland (pituitary gland)?

The pancreas

The thorax

Peyerâs patches

The hypothalamus

6. This tiny gland is located at the base of the brain and produces the hormone melanin.

Parathyroid

Pituitary

Hypothalamus

Pineal

7. These glands are situated right above the kidneys. The hormones produced by these glands help us to cope with stress.

Thyroid

Parathyroid

Hypothalamus

Adrenals

8. The hormones necessary for the production of sperm are produced in the __________.

Kidneys

Testes

Ovaries

None of the above

9. The bloodstream assists the endocrine organs and structures by:

Removing hormones from the body

Delivering hormones to target cells

Delivering hormones to secretory cells

The bloodstream does not come into contact with endocrine structures or organs
10. The pancreas _____________.

Is a master gland that controls many other glands

Produces progesterone and oestrogen

Is a salivary gland

Regulates blood sugar, aid in digestion

11. The basic function of the endocrine system is ________ in nature.

Digestive

Reproductive

Hormonal

Proximal

13. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are experienced by many people during their lifetimes. Urinary tract infections can involve any bacterial infection of the urinary system structures; the kidneys, bladder, ureters, or urethra. They are caused by bacteria entering the body through the urethra and traveling upward into the body. Symptoms can range from mild discomfort when urinating to extreme pain and the loss of blood during urination. They occur more frequently in women than men, and are often treated by antibiotics in addition to home remedies, such as drinking more water and drinking cranberry juice.

Based on what you have learned about the cause of urinary tract infections, which of the following precautions would help to prevent reoccurring infections?

Taking pain medication when symptoms occur

Placing a hot pack on the abdomen when symptoms occur

Practicing good hygiene Exercising regularly

14. The nervous system is divided into two major divisions: the Central Nervous System and the Peripheral Nervous System. Those divisions have structures that can be classified as belonging to two different subdivisions: the Somatic and the Autonomic systems. The nervous system can be summarized as a complex system of interconnected nerves and special cells called neurons that are used to transmit information (by means of small electrical impulses). Use the information in the table below to help answer questions about the nervous system. Division Organs & Structures Functions Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain Spinal Cord Nerves This is the bodyâs assessment and communication center. It analyzes the information received from the sensory neurons and responds. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Sensory Neurons Ganglia (clusters of neurons) Nerves that connect to one another and to the CNS The sensory neurons react to physical stimuli such as light, sound, heat, and pressure, and transmit that information to the CNS. Subdivisions Description Examples Somatic The Somatic system is comprised of nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord to the muscles of the body and sensory receptors in the skin. Reactions to physical stimuli like heat or light. Using your hand to touch Eating food Autonomic The Autonomic system largely involuntary. This system controls the unconscious functions of the body. Breathing Blood Pressure

Feeling overwhelmed or startled by exposure to very loud noises is likely a reaction to information collected by which subdivision of the nervous system:

Somatic

Autonomic

No answer text provided.

15. The thyroid gland is perhaps the most well-known member of the pancreatic system. Many adults are screened for thyroid problems during routine physical exams. This butterfly shaped gland is found at the base of the neck and releases hormones that affect the bodyâs metabolism (the way the body uses energy). The thyroidâs two main hormones are T3 and T4, and they affect many body functions, including: â¢ Breathing â¢ Heart rate â¢ Central and peripheral nervous systems â¢ Body weight â¢ Muscle strength â¢ Menstrual cycles â¢ Body temperature â¢ Cholesterol levels Two common disorders associated with the thyroid include hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Some of the symptoms associated with these disorders are listed in the table below. Hyperthyroidism (Too many hormones released) Hypothyroidism (Too few hormones released) Anxiety Irritability or moodiness Nervousness, hyperactivity Sweating or sensitivity to high temperatures Hand trembling (shaking) Hair loss Missed or light menstrual periods Trouble sleeping Tiredness and fatigue Difficulty concentrating Dry skin and hair Depression Sensitivity to cold temperature Frequent, heavy periods Joint and muscle pain A patient complains of arthritis-like pain in the joints of her hands, but tests for arthritis come back negative. The doctor then suggests a thyroid function test. The doctor is most likely concerned about:

High levels of T3 and T4 hormones in the body

Low levels of T3 and T4 hormones in the body

No answer text provided.

No answer text provided

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BPK 458 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Cardiomyopathy, Half-Life, Fibrinogen

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