BIOL 1080 Lecture Notes - Lecture 17: Ketone Bodies, Heat Transfer, Carbohydrate

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greencod184

18 Oct 2015

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We actually have about 10 times as many bacterial cells in our body as we do human cells! The bacteria release glucose and other sugars from fiber, and use them to grow, producing volatile fatty acids as waste products. We absorb these through the colon wall into the hepatic portal system, and use them for up to 15% of our energy needs. This is most important on a very high fiber diet, like our ancestors would have consumed in a hunting/gathering lifestyle. The colon also absorbs water and salts, while continuing to protect against bacterial infection until the non digested matter is eliminated as feces. Energy storage and release: protein storage: following a protein rich meal, there will be a burst of protein synthesis in the liver, replenishing liver proteins and some blood proteins. When fasting, tissue proteins are broken down into amino acids to make glucose.

Related Questions

Identify the correct statement regarding metabolism.

	A.	Excess carbohydrates in the diet can be converted into amino acids by the body.
	B.	Excess amino acids can be converted into body fat.
	C.	Excess carbohydrates can be stored as glycogen but cannot be converted into body fat.
	D.	Excess alcohol intake cannot be converted to and stored as body fat.

Keo and Subi ate lunch together. Keo had a roast beef sandwich (30 g PRO, 50 g CHO, 20 g FAT), whereas Subi had a chicken breast sandwich (25 g PRO, 45 g CHO, 25 g FAT). Who ingested more kilocalories, assuming each ate nothing but a sandwich?

	A.	They ingested nearly equal amounts of kilocalories.
	B.	Keo ate far more kilocalories than Subi.
	C.	There are insufficient data to answer the question.
	D.	Subi ate far more kilocalories than Keo.

Production of energy from the absorbed components of protein, fat, and carbohydrate occurs primarily in which part of the cell?

	A.	selectively-permeable membrane
	B.	cytoplasm or cytosol
	C.	mitochondrion
	D.	fat droplet

byzantiumfrog217

QUESTION 1

Protein intakes may increase as a result of illness as wellas

		when women are lactating.
		during moderate anaerobic activity.
		during times of optimal health.
		any of the above.

Question 2

In order to gain muscle size and strength, it is necessaryto

		increase protein intake well above the RDA.
		train intensely with adequate rest periods in between.
		train every day at the highest intensity possible.
		all of these.

Question 3

Protein is needed for normal development of cells and musclemass but excessive amounts of protein

		are even better and will bring faster results.
		will not significantly increase the building of body tissue.
		won't add significant strength to the body.
		b and c.

Question 4

In the U.S., protein-energy malnutrition can be seen most oftenin which of the following populations?

		Cancer patients
		AIDS patients
		Inner city children
		All of these

QUESTION 5

Reasons why people choose to become vegetarians include

		ethical issues surrounding animal rights.
		personal health reasons.
		weight loss.
		any of the above.

QUESTION 6

How can people reduce the amount of animal protein they eatdaily?

		Eat meat less often and in smaller portions.
		Choose meat alternates as protein sources.
		Select plant-based protein sources occasionally.
		Any of the above.

QUESTION 7

High intakes of animal protein sources are associated withserious health risks such as

		increased cardiovascular disease.
		colon cancer.
		breast cancer.
		all of these.

QUESTION 8

People who are semi-vegetarians eat

		meat or animal products every other day.
		animal foods most of the time except on religious holidays.
		meat, milk, or eggs only periodically.
		any of the above.

QUESTION 9

For people who wish to lose weight, most experts might advisethem to

		consider eating more vegetarian protein sources.
		stay at the top of the Food Guide Pyramid for food choices.
		focus on the middle of the Food Guide Pyramid for choices.
		eat only plant-based proteins, completely eliminating meat.

QUESTION 10

Kwashiorkor, a condition frequently found in the Republic ofGuinea, is characterized by

		a diet lacking in a direct source of protein such as meat.
		a starch-based diet.
		a diet consisting of water and oil with lots of rice.
		all of these.

maroonfox887

Living systems can be studied by way of the scientific method which involves which of the following?

Using only deductive reasoning and not inductive reasoning

Using few subjects, but repeating the experiments and using controls

Using few subjects, but repeating the experiments

Using many subjects, but doing no statistical analysis

Using many subjects but having no controls

Which of the following molecules has the least amount of energy that you can use for intense physical exercise?

A chemically specifically designed to signal uncontrolled cell growth

Water since it promotes all chemical reactions

Lipids

Carbohydrates

Protein

Nicotine produced in plants can be lethal to insects in that it causes a paralysis. Where does nicotine have its effect?

Nicotine receptors located in the nucleus of the cell

Nicotine receptors on the plasma membrane of brain cells

Nicotine receptors in the golgi bodies of neurons

Nicotine receptors on the mitochondria of brain cells

The aqueous (water) space between cells is which of the following?

Blood

Interstitial

Extracellular

Intracellular

All of these answers are correct

A hypo-osmotic solution can be defined as which of the following?

A solution separated from another by way of semipermeable membrane in which the hyposmotic solution has less electrolyes and more water than the other solution

A solution separated from another by way of semipermeable membrane in which the hyperosmotic solution has less electrolyes and more water than the other solution

A solution that is equal in concentration compared to another

A solution that is less concentrated relative to another

A solution that is more concentrated relative to another

Lactic acid in your muscles is the byproduct of which metabolic pathway?

Glycolysis

Electron Transport System

Krebs cycle

Glycolysis and oxygen

Which of the following best describes the process of glycolysis?

A series of chemical reactions in the mitochondria that breakdown or catabolize glucose to produce ATP without oxygen

A series of chemical reactions that breakdown or catabolize protein to produce lactic acid in the presence of oxygen

A series of chemical reactions in the muscle cytoplasm that breaksdown or catabolize glucose to produce ATP without oxygen

A series of chemical reactions that produce enzymes

During oxidative phosphorylation, which of the following is phosphorylated with the assistance of ATP synthase?

Cytochromes

ADP

ATP

NADH

Hydrogen ions

In all animals who use oxidative phorphorylation to generate ATP, the ultimate electron acceptor is directly transported to all cells by way of which of the following?

Hemoglobin

Red blood cells

Water (H2O)

Lungs

After NADH is reduced at the Electron Transport system, the hydrogen ion subsequently does which of the following?

Activates ATPsynthase

Activates Krebs cycle

Activates chemiosmosis

Oxidizes ATP

Reduces ATP

Which of the following has to exist for ATP synthase to be activated to directly produce ATP?

An oxygen gradient

A neutron gradient

An electron gradient

A proton gradient

All of these answers are correct

Which of the following occurs when oxyhemoglobin reaches the capillaries of heart muscle?

Releases oxygen which leaves the capillary and diffuses into the cell

Absorbs oxygen from the mitochondria

Releases its oxygen which diffuses from the mitochondria to the capillary

Releases its oxygen which diffuses from the capillary to the nucleus

BIOL 1080 Lecture Notes - Lecture 17: Ketone Bodies, Heat Transfer, Carbohydrate

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