BIOM 3200 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Cerebrospinal Fluid, Arachnoid Mater, Pia Mater

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BIOM3200 – The Nervous System

In the Textbook: Figures 8.5, 8.6 and 9.11; Tables 8.1, 9.1 and 9.6

Overview of the Nervous System:

• The nervous system is divided anatomically into:

o CNS (Central Nervous System)

▪ Consist of the brain and spinal nerves that arise from the spinal cord

o PNS (Peripheral Nervous System)

▪ Connects the entire body to the integrating centers of the brain and spinal

cord

▪ Includes:

• Afferent Neurons (sensory)

• Efferent Neurons (motor)

o Somatic

Autonomic (SNS or PSNS)

• The connection between the CNS and the body through the PNS provides fast,

immediate control over homeostasis by transmitting action potential or nerve impulses

The CNS:

• The brain is composed of neurons and support cells

• The sensory peripheral nerves send information to the brain which integrates the

information to generate a response

o Responses can take form of motor neuron responses or higher brain functions

(emotion, memory, learning and perceptions)

• The brain is connected caudally to the spinal cord (a large bundle of axon fibers connect)

o Ascending tracts covey sensory information from the periphery to the brain

o Descending tracts send motor nerve impulses down the spinal cord

• Spinal cord performs some information integration in the form of reflex arcs

• Development:

o The brain develops from the embryonic ectodermal neural tube

▪ Cavity becomes a fluid filled ventricular system; walls develop into the

neurons of the brain

o From rostral to caudal, the neural tube develops large swelling including:

▪ Telencephalon  cerebral hemispheres

▪ Diencephalon  thalamus and hypothalamus

▪ Mescencephalon  midbrain

▪ Metencephalon  pons and cerebellum

▪ Myelencephalon  medulla oblongata

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o In humans, the telencephalon develops at an accelerated rate and results in the

cerebral hemisphere covering the thalamus, hypothalamus and parts of the

pons/cerebellum

Lobe

Functions

Frontal

• Voluntary motor control of skeletal muscles

• Higher intellectual processing

• Verbal communication

Parietal

• Somatesthetic interpretation

• Understanding speech and formulating words to express thoughts

• Interpretation of textures and shapes

Temporal

• Interpretation of auditory sensations

• Storage of auditory and visual experiences

Occipital

• Integration of movements in focusing the eye

• Correlation of visual images with previous experiences and other

sensory stimuli

• Conscious perception of vision

Insula

• Memory

• Sensory and visceral integration

The Ventricles:

• Cavities of the neural tube remain as cavities during development of the mammalian

brain

o As a result, an adult brain contains fluid filled chambers  ventricles

• Ventricles are filled with cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

o This fluid is produced by specialized tissue found in each ventricle  choroid

plexus

o CSF provides nourishment and protection as a shock absorber

• The large, paired ventricles are found deep in the cerebral hemispheres and join caudally

on the midline to the third ventricle (at the level of the diencephalon)

• At the level of the midbrain, the ventricle narrows into the aqueduct

o The aqueduct communicates with the fourth ventricle at the level of the pons,

cerebellum and medulla

• The ventricle system continues into the spinal cord as the central canal

• The CSF escapes the ventricles through small openings called foramen into the

subarachnoid space

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The Meninges:

• The brain and spinal cord are encased in three connective tissue layers = meninges

o Outermost: dura mater (tough connective tissue)

o Middle: arachnoid mater (delicate membrane)

o Innermost: pia mater (delicate membrane that is associated with the surface of

the brain)

• The space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater is the subarachnoid space

that is filled with CSF

o The purpose of the subarachnoid space is to provide a buoyant layer that protects

the brain from mechanical damage

• Cerebrospinal fluid produced by the choroid plexuses of the ventricles escaped through

small windows or foramen located in the lateral ventricles and the fourth ventricle and

completely surrounds the brain and spinal cord

o CSF in subarachnoid space drains through specialized areas of the meninges

(arachnoid villi) into venous circulation

o Therefore, the brain and spinal cord are continuously bathed and floated in a

protective layer of CSF

Cerebrum:

• Higher brain functions arise in the cerebrum

o It is a large mushroom shaped wrinkle structure found cranially and partially

covering the rest of the brain

o Characterized by grooves called sulci, which form elevated folds =gyri

• The surface of the cerebrum is grey and consists of cell bodies

o Deep into the cerebrum is white matter that consists of myelinated axons that

connect the grey matter with other areas of the brain

o Cell bodies found in white matter often collect in groups and form distinct grey

areas termed nuclei

• Can be divided anatomically into the left and right hemispheres by a deep groove called

the longitudinal fissure

o Each area can then be divided and are labeled to the corresponding skull bones

that overlay each area

• The central sulcus divides the cerebrum coronally into anterior and posterior parts

o It also marks the division of the frontal and parietal lobes

▪ Lateral sulcus is a large groove on each side of the brain and delineated

the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes

▪ Posterior part = occipital lobe

• Each area corresponds to a specific function

o Precentral gyrus (part of the frontal lobe adjacent to the central sulcus)

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Document Summary

In the textbook: figures 8. 5, 8. 6 and 9. 11; tables 8. 1, 9. 1 and 9. 6. Includes: afferent neurons (sensory, efferent neurons (motor, somatic. Autonomic (sns or psns: the connection between the cns and the body through the pns provides fast, immediate control over homeostasis by transmitting action potential or nerve impulses. Functions: voluntary motor control of skeletal muscles, higher intellectual processing, verbal communication, somatesthetic interpretation, understanding speech and formulating words to express thoughts, storage of auditory and visual experiences, correlation of visual images with previous experiences and other. Integration of movements in focusing the eye sensory stimuli: conscious perception of vision, memory, sensory and visceral integration. Limbic system: consists of various structures located in both the telencephalon and diecephalon, including, hippocampus implicated in memory, amygdala, septal nuclei, hypothalamus. In all mammals, the system is important in processing olfactory sensory information. The mesencephalon: (or midbrain) forms the upper part of the brain stem which connects the pons and cerebellum with the diencephalon.

Related Questions

1. Kidneys help to maintain a proper balance of _________ within the body.

Phosphorous

Chloride

Potassium

Calcium Phosphate

ions

All of the above

2. The nervous system has how many major categories?

3. Which major category of the nervous system contains both the Somatic and the Autonomic divisions?

Central Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System

Neither of these

Both of these

4. Which organ or structure helps to control the master endocrine gland (pituitary gland)?

The pancreas

The thorax

Peyerâs patches

The hypothalamus

6. This tiny gland is located at the base of the brain and produces the hormone melanin.

Parathyroid

Pituitary

Hypothalamus

Pineal

7. These glands are situated right above the kidneys. The hormones produced by these glands help us to cope with stress.

Thyroid

Parathyroid

Hypothalamus

Adrenals

8. The hormones necessary for the production of sperm are produced in the __________.

Kidneys

Testes

Ovaries

None of the above

9. The bloodstream assists the endocrine organs and structures by:

Removing hormones from the body

Delivering hormones to target cells

Delivering hormones to secretory cells

The bloodstream does not come into contact with endocrine structures or organs
10. The pancreas _____________.

Is a master gland that controls many other glands

Produces progesterone and oestrogen

Is a salivary gland

Regulates blood sugar, aid in digestion

11. The basic function of the endocrine system is ________ in nature.

Digestive

Reproductive

Hormonal

Proximal

13. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are experienced by many people during their lifetimes. Urinary tract infections can involve any bacterial infection of the urinary system structures; the kidneys, bladder, ureters, or urethra. They are caused by bacteria entering the body through the urethra and traveling upward into the body. Symptoms can range from mild discomfort when urinating to extreme pain and the loss of blood during urination. They occur more frequently in women than men, and are often treated by antibiotics in addition to home remedies, such as drinking more water and drinking cranberry juice.

Based on what you have learned about the cause of urinary tract infections, which of the following precautions would help to prevent reoccurring infections?

Taking pain medication when symptoms occur

Placing a hot pack on the abdomen when symptoms occur

Practicing good hygiene Exercising regularly

14. The nervous system is divided into two major divisions: the Central Nervous System and the Peripheral Nervous System. Those divisions have structures that can be classified as belonging to two different subdivisions: the Somatic and the Autonomic systems. The nervous system can be summarized as a complex system of interconnected nerves and special cells called neurons that are used to transmit information (by means of small electrical impulses). Use the information in the table below to help answer questions about the nervous system. Division Organs & Structures Functions Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain Spinal Cord Nerves This is the bodyâs assessment and communication center. It analyzes the information received from the sensory neurons and responds. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Sensory Neurons Ganglia (clusters of neurons) Nerves that connect to one another and to the CNS The sensory neurons react to physical stimuli such as light, sound, heat, and pressure, and transmit that information to the CNS. Subdivisions Description Examples Somatic The Somatic system is comprised of nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord to the muscles of the body and sensory receptors in the skin. Reactions to physical stimuli like heat or light. Using your hand to touch Eating food Autonomic The Autonomic system largely involuntary. This system controls the unconscious functions of the body. Breathing Blood Pressure

Feeling overwhelmed or startled by exposure to very loud noises is likely a reaction to information collected by which subdivision of the nervous system:

Somatic

Autonomic

No answer text provided.

15. The thyroid gland is perhaps the most well-known member of the pancreatic system. Many adults are screened for thyroid problems during routine physical exams. This butterfly shaped gland is found at the base of the neck and releases hormones that affect the bodyâs metabolism (the way the body uses energy). The thyroidâs two main hormones are T3 and T4, and they affect many body functions, including: â¢ Breathing â¢ Heart rate â¢ Central and peripheral nervous systems â¢ Body weight â¢ Muscle strength â¢ Menstrual cycles â¢ Body temperature â¢ Cholesterol levels Two common disorders associated with the thyroid include hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Some of the symptoms associated with these disorders are listed in the table below. Hyperthyroidism (Too many hormones released) Hypothyroidism (Too few hormones released) Anxiety Irritability or moodiness Nervousness, hyperactivity Sweating or sensitivity to high temperatures Hand trembling (shaking) Hair loss Missed or light menstrual periods Trouble sleeping Tiredness and fatigue Difficulty concentrating Dry skin and hair Depression Sensitivity to cold temperature Frequent, heavy periods Joint and muscle pain A patient complains of arthritis-like pain in the joints of her hands, but tests for arthritis come back negative. The doctor then suggests a thyroid function test. The doctor is most likely concerned about:

High levels of T3 and T4 hormones in the body

Low levels of T3 and T4 hormones in the body

No answer text provided.

No answer text provided

rubymule151

#1 Visceral sensory information enters the CNS on afferent fibers within

A) dorsal roots S_2 to S_4.

B) dorsal roots T_1 to L_2.

C) cranial nerves V, VII, IX, and X.

D) both B and C

E) A, B, and C

#2 Which of the following is not a function of the neuroglia?

A) support

B) memory

C) phagocytosis

D) secretion of cerebrospinal fluid

E) maintenance of blood-brain barrier

#3 Mary is in an automobile accident and suffers a spinal cord injury. She has lost feeling in her lower

body. Her doctor tells her that swelling is compressing a portion of her spinal cord. Which part of

her cord is likely to be compressed?

A) the anterior gray commissures

B) the anterior white commissures

C) the anterior gray horns

D) ascending tracts

E) descending tracts

#4 The efferent division of the peripheral nervous system innervates:

A) skeletal muscle cells

B) glandular cells

C) smoothmusdecells

D) heart muscle cells

E) all of the above

#5 Cerebrospinal fluid flows within the

A) pia mater.

B) dura mater.

C) filum terminale.

D) arachnoid mater.

E) subarachnoid space.

#6 A patient develops a tumor of a cranial nerve that leads to difficulty in speaking from a loss of

tongue movement.which cranial nerve is affected?

A) glossopharyngeal

B) vagus

C) spinal accessory

D) hypoglossal

E) trigeminal

#7 Parkinson disease is the result of

A) inadequate production of dopamine by substantia nigra neurons.

B) inadequate production of GABA by neurons in the basal nuclei.

C) weak response of the red nuclei of the mesencephalon.

D) decreased levels of acetylcholine from neurons in the substantia nigra.

E) hyperactivity of the limbic system.

#8 Based on the motor homunculus, which of the followingbody regions has the largest motor units?

A) larynx B) hands C) tongue D) face E) back

#9 If the corpus callosum is surgically cu!

A) conscious decisions are made without regard to sensations from the left side.

B) objects toudred by the left hand can be recognized but not verbally identified.

C) symptoms of the "disconnection syndrome" appear.

D) the two cerebral hemispheres operate independently.

E) all of the above

#10 The flexor reflex

A) moves a limb away from a painful stimulus.

B) is an example of a monosynaptic reflex.

C) prevents a musde from generating damaging tension.

D) usually depends on cranial neurons.

E) prevents a muscle from overstretching.

#11 The subdural space lies between

A) the dura mater and the arachnoid mater.

B) the arachnoid mater and the pia mater.

C) the endosteum and the periosteum.

D) the pia mater and the dura mater.

E) the pia mater and the subarachnoid space.

#12 _____ is a condition resulting from an inflammation of a facial nerve.

A) Cerebral palsy

B) Addison disease

C) Bell palsy

D) any of the

#12 Clusters of RER and free ribosomes in neurons are called

A) microglia.

B) neurofilaments.

C) neurofibrils.

D) Nisslbodies.

E) perikaryon.

#1 Visceral sensory information enters the CNIS on afferent fibers within

A) dorsal roots 52 to 54.

B) dorsal roots T1 to L2.

C) cranial nerves V VIL DC and X.

D) bothB and C

E) a, n, and C

#2 Which of the following is not a function of the neuroglia?

A) support

B) memory

C) phagocytosis

D) secretion of cerebrospinal fluid

E) maintenance of blood-brain barrier

#3 Mary is in an automobile accident and suffers a spinal cord injury. She has lost feeling in her lower

body. Her doctor tells her that swelling is compressing a portion of her spinal cord. Which part of

her cord is likely to be compressed?

A) the anterior gray commissures

B) the anterior white commissures

C) the anterior gray horns

D) ascending tracts

E) descending tracts

#4 The efferent division of the peripheral nervous system innervates:

A) skeletal muscle cells

B) glandular cells

C) smoothmusdecells

D) heart muscle cells

E) all of the above

#5 Cerebrospinal fluid flows within the

A) pia mater.

B) dura mater.

C) filum terminale.

D) arachnoid mater.

E) subarachnoid space.

#6 A patient develops a tumor of a cranial nerve that leads to difficulty in speaking from a loss of

tongue movement. IA/hich cranial nerve is affected?

A) glossopharyngeal

B) vagus

C) spinai accessory

D) hypoglossal

#7 Parkinson disease is the result of

A) inadequate production of dopamine by substantia nigra neurons.

B) inadequate production of GABA by neurons in the basal nuclei.

C) weak response of the red nuclei of the mesencephalon.

D) decreased levels of acetylcholine from neurons in the substantia nigra.

E) hyperactivity of the limbic system.

#8 Based on the motor homunculus, which of the followingbody regions has the largest motor units?

A) larynx B) hands C) tongue D) face E) back

#9 If the corpus callosum is surgically cu!

A) conscious decisions are made without regard to sensations from the left side.

B) objects toudred by the left hand can be recognized but not verbally identified.

C) symptoms of the "disconnection syndrome" appear.

D) the two cerebral hemispheres operate independently.

E) all of the above

#10 The flexor reflex

A) moves a limb away from a painful stimulus.

B) is an example of a monosynaptic reflex.

C) prevents a musde from generating damaging tension.

D) usually depends on cranial neurons.

E) prevents a muscle from overstretching.

#11 The subdural space lies between

A) the dura mater and the arachnoid mater.

B) the arachnoid mater and the pia mater.

C) the endosteum and the periosteum.

D) the pia mater and the dura mater.

E) the pia mater and the subarachnoid space.

#12 _____ is a condition resulting from an inflammation of a facial nerve.

A) Cerebral palsy

B) Addison disease

C) Bell palsy

D) any of the

#12 Clusters of RER and free ribosomes in neurons are called

A) microglia.

B) neurofilaments.

C) neurofibrils.

D) Nisslbodies.

E) perikaryon.

BIOM 3200 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Cerebrospinal Fluid, Arachnoid Mater, Pia Mater

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