ANP 1106 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Upper Motor Neuron, Vestibular Duct, Cochlear Duct

• School: University of Ottawa
• Department: Anatomy and Physiology
• Course: ANP 1106
• Professor: William Staines

Document Summary

A. 3. describe the major classes and functions of neurotransmitters: biological electrical potentials. Uneven distribution of charged solutes in cells creates an electrochemical gradient potential. Biological potentials range from -90 to -70 mv, but can get as high as +55mv. Flow of charge as a result of the potential is called current. Insulators have high resistance and conductors low resistance. Force increases with the intensity of the charges across the membrane. The membrane is polarized with negative charge inside the membrane and positive charge outside. The sodium-potassium atp pump creates the gradient that produces this potential by primary active transport. 3 sodium ions are expelled for every 2 potassium ions brought in. A thin shell of positive and negative charge provides the electrical gradient that drives ion movement across the membrane of excitable cells. The cytosol contains an abundance of negatively charged proteins which can"t diffuse out of the cell.