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BIO210Y5 Lecture Notes - Lecture 27: Beta Blocker, Cardiac Output, Sympathetic Nervous System

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hassan_rizvi96
7 Feb 2019
School
UTM
Department
Biology
Course
BIO210Y5
Professor
Sanja Hinic- Frlog

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Document Summary

Case study questions: as another consequence of her conditions, taylor also has increased erythropoietin (epo) levels. Use the following terms in your answer: venous return, edv, cardiac output, hemoglobin, and oxygen. The increased level of epo results in the increased production of red blood cells in the body. The increased production of rbcs means that the hemoglobin concentration in the blood has increased which means more oxygen is bound to hemoglobin in the body. The increased production of rbc results in increasing bp and so venous return is increased as more blood volume is entering the heart during diastole. Due to the increased blood volume, edv is increased as more blood enters the ventricle into the heart. This increases the stroke volume which is edv - esv (end systolic volume). The increase in stroke volume thus results in an increased cardiac output: taylor often has trouble breathing and has an increased heart rate blood pressure.

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Related Questions

Potentially useful information: one mL = one cm3 = 10-6 m3, one mmHg = 133.3 Pa (N/m2). SV = EDV – ESV. CO = HR X SV. Ejection Fraction = SV/EDV


Hints: calculate heart rate for each condition. Remember to calculate work for the entire volume of blood that is pressurized i.e., end diastolic volume (EDV). Therefore you will need to use the data provided to calculate the EDV to answer this question.

The work done by the heart is Pressure-Volume work. While both ventricles are doing work, in this problem you will just calculate the work done by the left (high pressure) ventricle. In lecture you saw that if both pressure and volume are expressed in SI units, their product is N·m (work!) In this assignment you will calculate the work done by the left ventricle of the heart each minute to support a cardiac output of 5L/min.

1.)In a healthy person make the following assumptions: Stroke volume is 70mL and the Ejection Fraction is 58% (these are normal values). If systolic pressure is 120 mmHg, what is the work that the heart must perform each minute to produce a cardiac output of 5 L/min?

2.) Individuals with hypertension (high blood pressure) have a much greater resistance in their blood vessels and thus their heart not only has to produce greater pressure, it will have a much greater volume left following contractions (end systolic volume, ESV) Calculate the work the heart (for the identical cardiac output of 5L/min) in an individual with stage one hypertension for which these values apply: systolic blood pressure of 150 mmHg, an ejection fraction of 40% and a stroke volume of 60mL.

3.) 150mmHg is 25% greater than 120 mmHg. In this individual, how much greater is their cardiac work?

Potentially useful information: one mL = one cm3 = 10-6 m3, one mmHg = 133.3 Pa (N/m2). SV = EDV – ESV. CO = HR X SV. Ejection Fraction = SV/EDV

Hints: calculate heart rate for each condition. Remember to calculate work for the entire volume of blood that is pressurized i.e., end diastolic volume (EDV). Therefore you will need to use the data provided to calculate the EDV to answer this question.

The work done by the heart is Pressure-Volume work. While both ventricles are doing work, in this problem you will just calculate the work done by the left (high pressure) ventricle. If both pressure and volume are expressed in SI units, their product is N·m (work!) In this assignment you will calculate the work done by the left ventricle of the heart each minute to support a cardiac output of 5L/min.

B) Individuals with hypertension (high blood pressure) have a much greater resistance in their blood vessels and thus their heart not only has to produce greater pressure, it will have a much greater volume left following contractions (end systolic volume, ESV) Calculate the work the heart (for the identical cardiac output of 5L/min) in an individual with stage one hypertension for which these values apply: systolic blood pressure of 150 mmHg, an ejection fraction of 40% and a stroke volume of 60mL.

C) In this individual, how much greater is their cardiac work (@ blood pressure 150 mmHg) than a normal individual with normal blood pressure (120 mmHg)?

Please answer these questions COMPLETELY and I'll be sure to leave a "thumbs up"! Thank you!

1. Fill in the words or phrases that best complete each sentence. Be as specific as possible.

a. Erythrocytes contain the enzyme -------- , which catalyzes the conversion of metabolically produced CO2 and water into --------- .

b. Most old erythrocytes are removed from circulation and destroyed by cells called ------------- , as they rupture passing through the narrow capillaries of the organ called the --------- .

c. Undifferentiated cells called------------ reside in the bone marrow, where they continuously divide and-------------- to give rise to each of the types of blood cells.

d. The process of leukocytes squeezing through the capillary ----------- to exit the vasculature is known as ----------- . Once they leave the bloodstream to fight a pathological condition, they never return.

e. The genetically-determined glycoprotein and glycolipid antigens found on the surface of an erythrocyte are called-------------- , and a person with agglutinins that react with type A and blood type B has type------------- blood.

f. During embryonic development, ninety-nine percent of the cardiac fibers are specialized for the function called----------- , whereas the remainder is specialized for-------------- .

g. The action potential delay at the-------------------- ensures that atrial excitation and contraction are complete before------------------ excitation and contraction commence.

h. The--------------------- is the volume of blood in the ventricle after ejection has been completed. An increase of this volume occurs when the stroke volume is .

i. The three cations, K+, Ca2+, and Na+ have an important effect of heart function. Increased blood levels of Na+ blocks----------------- inflow and results in a decrease in the force of contraction, while an excess of---------------- blocks the generation of action potentials.

j. An increase in parasympathetic activity ---------------- has the following effect on stroke volume: ---------------- . An increase in parasympathetic activity --------------- atrial contractility.