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RLG204H5 Lecture Notes - Lecture 12: Sunni Islam, Twelver, Ulama

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orchidllama409
17 Aug 2020
School
UTM
Department
Religion
Course
RLG204H5
Professor
Walid Saleh

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Document Summary

The doctrine of the imamate (or the doctrine of the imam): This doctrine summarizes what the shiites think of their imams. 1- the death of muhammad did not mean that god is no more connected to the muslims. Prophecy was transformed into imamah, a different means of communication but the same function, to guide the muslims. God is always guiding the muslims through the imam of the age. Ever age has a rightful imam presiding on the universe as its rightful guide. Or as your book say it: the world cannot exist without an imam. God, is inspired by god, and he has divine knowledge (ilm in arabic). 2- the rightful imam is appointed by the previous imam or we know who the imam is by designation: ie by appointment from a previous imam. The first imam, ali was appointed by muhammad, and after that ali appointed the next imam hasan, who appointed the third imam husayn, etc.

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Related Questions

What exactly was Hooker's response to Darwin's, Origin of Species? Thank you for your help. I need help deciphering what his opinions truly were.

Hooker, J. D. 1859. [Review of] On the origin of species. Gardeners' Chronicle (31 December): 1052. Part 1.

From the above expressions it will be inferred that we have risen from the perusal of Mr. DARWIN'S book much impressed with its importance, and have moreover found it to be so dependent on the phenomena of horticultural operations, for its facts and results, and so full of experiments that may be repeated and discussed by intelligent gardeners, and of ideas that may sooner fructify in their minds than in those of any other class of naturalists, that we shall be doing them (and we hope also science) a service by dwelling in some detail upon its contents. Thus much we may premise, that it is a book teeming with deep thoughts on numberless simple and complex phenomena of life; that its premises in almost all cases appear to be correct; that its reasoning is apparently close and sound, its style clear, and we need hardly add its subject and manner equally attractive and agreeable; it is also a perfectly ingenuous book, bold in expressions as in thought where the author adduces what he considers clear evidence in his favour, frank in the statement of objections to the hypotheses or conclusions founded on its facts and reasonings; and uniformly courteous to antagonistic doctrines. In fine, whatever may be thought of Mr. DARWIN'S ultimate conclusions, it cannot be denied that it would be difficult in the whole range of the literature of science to find a book so exclusively devoted to the development of theoretical inquiries, which at the same time is throughout so full of conscientious care, so fair in argument, and so considerate in tone. . . . Hitherto most [naturalists] have, as we have already observed, contented themselves with the hypothesis that they were independently created, and the minority have clung to the only other explanation hitherto conceived, that they have all been created by variation from a single first-created living organism, or a few such. Now it must be borne in mind that both these views are mere hypotheses in a scientific point of view; neither has any inherent or prescriptive right to a preference in the mind of the impartial inquirer; but the most superficial observation will show that the hypothesis of original creations is incapable of absolute proof, except the operation be witnessed by credible naturalists, and can only be supported by facts that are either not conclusive against the opposite doctrine, or may be regarded as equally favourable to it; and this hypothesis is hence placed at a disadvantage in comparison with that of the creation of species by variation, which takes its stand on the familiar fact that species do depart from the likeness of their progenitors, both in a wild and domestic state. On the other hand the hypothesis of creation by variation labours under the disadvantage of being founded upon a series of phenomena, the action of each of which individually, as explained by Mr. DARWIN, would appear to prevent the possibility of species retaining their characters for any length of time, and it therefore appears at first sight opposed to the undisputed fact, that many hundreds of animals and plants have transmitted their characters unchanged (or nearly so) through countless generations, and covered, even within the historic period, many square miles of country each with millions of its exact counterpart. To explain this anomaly and to raise this hypothesis of creations by variation to the rank of a scientific theory, is the object of Mr. DARWIN'S book, and to do this he has endeavoured to invent and prove such an intelligible rationale of the operation of variation, as will account for many species having been developed from a few in strict adaptation to existing conditions, and to show good cause how these apparently fleeting changelings may by the operation of natural laws be so far fixed as to reconcile both the naturalist and the common observer to the idea, that what in all his experience are immutable forms of life may have once worn another guise. The hypothesis itself is a very old one; it was, as all the world knows, strongly advocated by LAMARCK, and later still by the author of the "Vestiges of the Natural History of the Creation," but neither of these authors were able to suggest even a plausible method according to which Nature might have proceeded in producing suitable varieties, getting rid of intermediate forms, and giving a temporary stability to such as are recognised as species by all observers. Mr. DARWIN has been more successful, though whether completely so or not the future alone can show. We shall proceed to examine his method in another article.

In Matthew 20:1-16 Jesus tells a parable and uses the labor market of His day as an example of the Kingdom of God. In 150+ words, explain what lessons the parable has in how we should think about wages and the labor market today.

Matthew 20:1-16

“For the kingdom of heaven is like a landowner who went out early in the morning to hire workers for his vineyard. 2 He agreed to pay them a denarius[a] for the day and sent them into his vineyard.3 “About nine in the morning he went out and saw others standing in the marketplace doing nothing. 4 He told them, ‘You also go and work in my vineyard, and I will pay you whatever is right.’ 5 So they went.“He went out again about noon and about three in the afternoon and did the same thing. 6 About five in the afternoon he went out and found still others standing around. He asked them, ‘Why have you been standing here all day long doing nothing?’7 “‘Because no one has hired us,’ they answered.“He said to them, ‘You also go and work in my vineyard.’8 “When evening came, the owner of the vineyard said to his foreman, ‘Call the workers and pay them their wages, beginning with the last ones hired and going on to the first.’9 “The workers who were hired about five in the afternoon came and each received a denarius. 10 So when those came who were hired first, they expected to receive more. But each one of them also received a denarius. 11 When they received it, they began to grumble against the landowner. 12 ‘These who were hired last worked only one hour,’ they said, ‘and you have made them equal to us who have borne the burden of the work and the heat of the day.’13 “But he answered one of them, ‘I am not being unfair to you, friend.Didn’t you agree to work for a denarius? 14 Take your pay and go. I want to give the one who was hired last the same as I gave you. 15 Don’t I have the right to do what I want with my own money? Or are you envious because I am generous?’16 “So the last will be first, and the first will be last.”

PURPOSE: To examine the genetic, Biochemical, and Cell biological mechanisms of disease development.

In class we have focused on many of the fundamental principals and techniques of genetics and molecular biology. For this assignment I want you to see how these ideas are applied in studying genetic diseases. In addition, I want you to get insight into the experimental design and procedures that are used for expanding our understanding of genetics and how they are applied to studying and treating human genetic diseases.

The goal will be a final research paper that will be due by the last day of class (April 3, 2016). An outline of what is expected to be presented in the paper is listed below.

Paper Guidelines: Review of a Specific Disease

Components:

A. Clinical Features of the Disease

 Age of onset
 Male/ Female predominance
 Clinical symptoms and pathology  Population distribution

B. Genetics/ Transmission

 Spontaneous/ Inherited
 Inheritance distribution
 Identification/ isolation of gene/ loci  Mutation of gene

C. Molecular Pathology

 Effect of mutation on structure/ function of protein
 What/ how pathways are affected
 Effect on development/ function of cells, tissue, and organs  How gene(s) is related to clinical manifestations
 Animal models

Please note that all of the information may not be available or understood for your disease. I expect each of the sections to be addressed in the paper (A., B., & C.), however the subtopics (identified by bullet points) may not be understood. I would like the paper as complete as possible, however the final content will be determined by what is currently known about the disease.

You will accomplish this in three steps. A description of each step and the due date are presented below.

1) Choosing a disease.
Due Date: Sunday March 13, 2016

I want you to identify a human genetic disease and provide a very brief overview of the disease (Section A). I want you state how the disease is inherited (Autosomal dominant, Autosomal recessive,

etc) a brief description of the clinical features and the gene that is mutated (if known). This assignment should be no more than 2 pages and is worth 50 points towards your final grade.

2) Identify an experimental journal article. Due Date: Sunday March 20, 2016

I want you to identify a published research journal article that examines the genetic disease that you have chosen. The paper must have been published within the last two years. The paper must present experimental evidence that is relevant to your disease. I want you to submit the paper to me as well as write a one page summary of what was learned by the research study and how it applies to the understanding of the molecular pathology of the disease (Section C.). You can search for a journal article using the resources of the library. I would also like you to choose one experiment (figure) in the paper and describe what experimental techniques were used for that part of the study. This section should not exceed 1 page. This is worth 50 points towards your grade.

3) Final Paper.
Due date Sunday April 3, 2016.

Your final paper will address all of the sections presented in the outline above. This will be a combination of steps 1) & 2), however more detail will be expected for each of the three sections than is presented in the first two assignments. You will be expected to use at least three (you will likely find more than three) references and have them properly referenced in your paper. I want the paper organized as presented in the outline. The final paper should not exceed 6 pages (not including references). The final paper is worth 200 points towards your final grade.