EESA09H3 Lecture 10: lecture 10 note
28 Nov 2016
School
Department
Course
Professor
Lecture 10: Wind power
History of flight
1. Mythical flight of Icarus
- Flew too near the sun
2. Leonardo da Vinci (15th century)
- Created designs of hang gliders, helicopters, and other flying
machines
3. Sir George Cayley
- First piloted glider in 1853
4. Otto Lilienthal (late 19th century, Germany)
- “To iet a airplae is othig. To uild oe is soethig. But to fly
is eerythig“
- 2000 glider flights
- Perished in 1896 in glider crash
5. Wright brothers (USA)
- first manned flight
- Dec 17, 1903
Dynamics of flying
1. Beroullis Priiple
- Daniel Bernoulli (1700 – 1782)
- Swiss mathematician
- Lower pressure for faster moving air
- Provides lift that enables an airplane to rise or a sail boat to move
forward
- Pressure gradient force
2. Current aviation
- By 2000
- 8000 commercial flights at any given moment
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
- 1000000 people in the air
- Not without risk
-
Sailing History
1. Dominant mode of transportation (trade, military) in the Mediterranean
- Square sail limited maneuverability – downwind sailing
- Latent sail (triangular on a boom) provided more options such as
sailing against the wind – imported from Arab mariners
2. Mediterranean / Middle East
- Nile
- Euphrates delta
3. China
- Junks developed during Han Dynasty (220 BC)
Sailing History
Exploration
1. 1000 A.D newfoundland discovered by Norse sailors
- Knorr, cog
- Polar easterlies, midlatitude westerlies
2. Christopher Columbus 1492
- Carrack , caravel
- Via Trade winds and westerlies
3. 1300-1400 (Ming) Chinese
- Navy, commercial exploration
- 125 m vessels, nine masts
- 3500 ships
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
4. 13th century onwards – ships capable of travelling anywhere on
earth
History
1. Caravel
-14th – 17th century
- ship of choice of travelling around the world
- three masts , 25 m in length
- lateen or square rigged
- Nina and Pinta were caravel ships ( Christopher Columbus)
2. Clipper (1840 – 1850)
- first developed by Americans
- noted for speed (many sails) to complete with new technology
(steamers)
- perfected by England – China Clipper
- Used to bring tea back from China in record time (less 100 days)
- Alberta Clipper (named after these ships – small and fast)
- Since 1850 sailing has been increasingly recreational
Sailing Dynamics
1. Same physics as flying
- 90 degrees change in orientation
- - lift is horizotal rather tha ertial
- Beroullis Priiple still applies
2. Moveable boom, typical of lateen sail enables flexibility in sailing in
virtually any direction
3. Combination of sail orientation and keel board dictates boat direction
Windmill History
1. 2000 B.C. China – not well documented
2. 20 B.C
- China – pumping water
- Middle east – grinding rain
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
History of flight: mythical flight of icarus. Flew too near the sun: leonardo da vinci (15th century) Created designs of hang gliders, helicopters, and other flying machines: sir george cayley. First piloted glider in 1853: otto lilienthal (late 19th century, germany) To i(cid:374)(cid:448)e(cid:374)t a(cid:374) airpla(cid:374)e is (cid:374)othi(cid:374)g. to (cid:271)uild o(cid:374)e is so(cid:373)ethi(cid:374)g. but to fly is e(cid:448)erythi(cid:374)g . Perished in 1896 in glider crash: wright brothers (usa) first manned flight. Provides lift that enables an airplane to rise or a sail boat to move forward. 8000 commercial flights at any given moment. Sailing history: dominant mode of transportation (trade, military) in the mediterranean. Square sail limited maneuverability downwind sailing. Latent sail (triangular on a boom) provided more options such as sailing against the wind imported from arab mariners: mediterranean / middle east. Exploration: 1000 a. d newfoundland discovered by norse sailors. Polar easterlies, midlatitude westerlies: christopher columbus 1492. Via trade winds and westerlies: 1300-1400 (ming) chinese.
