ANT100Y1 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Cytosine, Evolutionary Anthropology, Population Genetics
01/10/2015
LECTURE 2
Principles of Evolution
1. Understand microevolution
Genetic basis of inheritance and biological evolution
Population genetics
Natural selection
Adaptation
2. Understand macroevolution
Speciation
How to read a Cladogram
Modern Synthesis of Evolution:
• Focuses on how evolution works at the level of phenotypes, genes, and populations
• Microevolution
• Macroevolution
DNA RNA Protein
Genetics:
• Somatic Cells: most cells in the body (except sex cells)
• Gametes: sex cells (sperm and ovum/egg)
• Cytoplasm: complex mix of membranes, molecules, and tiny structures called organelles
• Nucleus: contains hereditary material, known as chromosomes
Chromosomes:
• Paired rod-shaped structures in cell nucleus containing genes that transmit traits form
generation to generation (DNA is within this, the double helix)
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid):
• Nucleic acid used to store genetic information that codes for the synthesis of proteins
• Four bases Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), Thymine (T)
• A + T, G +C
• The genetic code that determines you—and living things on our planet
RNA (Ribonucleic Acid):
• Half of a piece of DNA
• Dictates synthesis of proteins that perform a wide variety of functions in the body
• Regulate expression of other genes
• Works with structures in call (ribosomes) that are critical for manufacture of proteins
• Transport amino acids to ribosomes for the creation of proteins
Proteins:
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01/10/2015
• Linear sequences of amino acids: building blocks of cells
• Eah protei has speifi futio deteried lueprit stored i DNA
Ex. Catalysis of all biochemical reactions is done by enzymes, which contain protein
(digestion) and many more
Ex. Hemoglobin (transports oxygen)
Transcription:
• Synthesis of single strand of RNA (mRNA = messenger RNA) at unwound section of DNA
with one of the DNA strands serving as a template
• Result genetic information encoded in DNA is transferred to RNA
• mRNA carries information into cytoplasm, then protein synthesis occurs via translation
• genetic info moves from one part of the cell to the other
Codons:
• Genetic information encoded in sequence of three nucleotides termed codons
• Four nucleotides of RNA are Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), Uracil (U)
• U replaces T in DNA template
Translation:
• tRNA (transfer RNA) is information adapter molecule
• direct interface between amino-acid sequence of protein and information in mRNA
• Therefore, it decodes into mRNA
• Acceptor stem is site where specific amino-acids are attached
• Anticodon reads info in a mRNA sequence by base pairing
Genetics & Heredity:
• Gene: chemical unit of heredity
• Phenotype: observable physical appearance of organism; may or may not reflect
genotype or total genetic constitution
• Genotype: the total complement of inherited traits or genes of an organism
• Alleles: one member of a pair of genes
• Homozygous: possessing two identical genes or alleles in corresponding locations on a
pair of chromosomes
Ex. YY or yy
• Heterozygous: possessing differing genes or alleles in corresponding locations on a pair
of chromosomes
Ex. Yy
• Dominant Alleles: allele of gene pair that is always phenotypically expressed in
heterozygous form
Ex. Y always expressed phenotypically when paired with y (Yy)
• Recessive Alleles: allele phenotypically suppressed in heterozygous form and expressed
only in homozygous form
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ANT100Y1 Full Course Notes
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Document Summary
Genetic basis of inheritance and biological evolution. Modern synthesis of evolution: focuses on how evolution works at the level of phenotypes, genes, and populations, microevolution, macroevolution. Genetics: somatic cells: most cells in the body (except sex cells, gametes: sex cells (sperm and ovum/egg, cytoplasm: complex mix of membranes, molecules, and tiny structures called organelles, nucleus: contains hereditary material, known as chromosomes. Chromosomes: paired rod-shaped structures in cell nucleus containing genes that transmit traits form generation to generation (dna is within this, the double helix) 01/10/2015: linear sequences of amino acids: building blocks of cells, ea(cid:272)h protei(cid:374) has spe(cid:272)ifi(cid:272) fu(cid:374)(cid:272)tio(cid:374) deter(cid:373)i(cid:374)ed (cid:271)(cid:455) (cid:862)(cid:271)luepri(cid:374)t(cid:863) stored i(cid:374) dna. Catalysis of all biochemical reactions is done by enzymes, which contain protein (digestion) and many more. Codons: genetic information encoded in sequence of three nucleotides termed codons, four nucleotides of rna are adenine (a), guanine (g), cytosine (c), uracil (u, u replaces t in dna template.
