BIO130H1 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Transcription Bubble, Dna Replication, Pribnow Box

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The entire nucleic acid sequence (dna) that is necessary for the synthesis of a protein (and its variants) or rna. Genes are segments of dna that are transcribed into rna. 2 basic types of resulting rna: the resulting rna encodes a protein, eventually translated, the resulting rna functions as rna, only functions as rna and doesn"t become translated. Genes can be defined based on functionality, structure, or characteristics. A cell needs to regulate what is transcribed and what isn"t. When a gene is turned on/expressed, you will make rna by transcription, then proteins by translation from rna. As the polymerase encounters a dna nucleotide, it is adding an rna nucleotide onto the growing strand. Can only add a nucleotide onto the 3" oh end thus the rna polymerase is moving to the right. Nucleotides are added on in an antiparallel and complementary way.

Related Questions

1. Unlike DNA, RNA contains

deoxyribose

a double strand

phosphates

uracil

Nucleic acid structure

2. In transcription, uracil will bond with:

thymine

cytosine

adenine

guanine

Transcription

3. The first team of scientist to document the structure of DNA was:

Franklin and Wilkins

Watson and Crick

Pauling and Chargoff

None of the above

DNA structure

4. Organelles that synthesize protein are:

lysosomes

ribosomes

endoplasmic reticulum

golgi bodies

5. Most of the time in a cell's life, it's DNA is in the form of:

Chromatin

Chromatids

Replicated chromosomes

Spindle fibers

6. Uracil is a nitrogen base that pairs with adenine. Using this information, one could conclude that uracil is a:

Purine

Pyrimidine

Neither a purine or pyrimidine

Not enough information

7. a nucleotide does not consist of a:

polymerase

5-carbon sugar

phosphate group

nitrogen base

8. The genetic code in DNA of an individual depends on the sequence (order) of:

nucleotides

purines only

phosphates

sugars

9. Before a cell divides, it must duplicate its DNA in a process known as:

translation

transformation

transcription

replication

10. The basic unit (building block) of a protein is a (an):

carbohydrate

amino acid

lipid

hydrogen bond

11. Unlike DNA, RNA contains:

deoxyribose

a double strand

phosphates

uracil

12. The structure of DNA was first documented in:

1945

1953

1956

1962

13. In DNA replication, the new molecules produced are:

of unequal length

both assembled in the same direction

built with purines as the backbone

assembled in opposite directions

DNA replication

14. The "backbone" of DNA is composed of:

ribose and phosphates

deoxyribose and phosphates

ribose and uracil

deoxyribose and thymine

DNA structure

15. RNA differs from DNA in which of the following ways?

RNA is single-stranded

RNA contains ribose

RNA does not contain thymine

All of the above

DNA structure

16. Which of the following is NOT required for the transcription process itself?

RNA polymerase

DNA

uracil-containing nucleotides

ribosomes

skyhamster121

Multiple answers to each question might be possible!

You decide to identify the CFTR mutation by analyzing the genomic DNA of your patients compared to healthy individuals. You specifically are looking to see whether a specific 3' gene truncation has occurred in the patients. You will determine this using hybridization techniques with samples from healthy and CF patients. Which of the following will allow you to accomplish this?

	Using an RNA probe complementary to the region not removed by the truncation.
	Using an RNA probe complementary to the region removed by the truncation.
	Using an DNA probe complementary to the region not removed by the truncation.
	Using an DNA probe complementary to the region removed by the truncation.

To conduct the hybridization experiment, you are trying to decide between using a DNA or RNA probe. Which would be ideal to use and why?

	As both are composed of nucleic acids, using either would result in identical results.
	An RNA probe because RNA has uracil bases.
	An RNA probe because it could also be used in a translation experiment.
	A DNA probe because it is more stable than RNA.
	A DNA probe because RNA cannot bind to DNA.

One step of the Hershey/Chase experiment involved blending the virus/cell mixture before centrifugation and probing the pellet for radioactivity. Why was the blending step necessary?

	To collect the bacteria at the bottom of the tube.
	To break open the bacteria to release the genome.
	To separate the bacteria from the bacteriophages.
	To be able to detect the radioactivity.

Imagine Hershey/Chase had used an RNA virus (genome composed of RNA) instead of a DNA virus in their experiment. Would radioactivity still have been found in the pellet?

	No, because only DNA can be labeled with radioactivity.
	No, because the RNA genome would not enter the bacteria upon infection.
	No, because while DNA and RNA nucleotides are similar, they are not identical.
	Yes, because DNA and RNA nucleotides are similar.
	Yes, because genome in any form (DNA, RNA, protein) would be labeled similarly.

The human genome consists mostly of non-coding DNA. Which of the following are benefits of this?

	Random DNA mutations generally won't affect RNA and protein function.
	It is faster to duplicate the genome when these are present.
	The existence of introns can lead to multiple variations of proteins encoded by a single gene.
	It is unlikely transposons would exist in the genome if there was too much protein coding DNA.

Explain the 5â to 3â directionality of a DNA stand.

	It is due to the fact that the free 5â carbon is on one end and the free 3â carbon is on the other
	It is due to the fact that new nucleotide are added to the 5â carbon of the previous nucleotide
	It is due to the fact that there are 3 phosphate groups attached to the 5â carbon
	It is due to the fact the complementary strand is 3â to 5â
	More than one of the above explain the 5â to 3â directionality

You accidentally add a mutant dNTP (which has an H instead of an OH connected to the 3â carbon) to a reaction where DNA is being replicated. Which of the following is true of this mutant dNTP?

	It can be incorporated into DNA strand but cannot form a phosphodiester bond with an incoming wild type dNTP
	It can be incorporated into a DNA strand but cannot base pair with a complementary nucleotide
	It can be incorporated into a DNA strand and can form a phosphodiester bond with an incoming dNTP, but only if it is another mutant dNTP
	It cannot be incorporated into a DNA strand.

Why does DNA polymerase utilize an RNA primer?

	DNA polymerase is unable to initiate strand synthesis but RNA polymerase can
	DNA polymerase can only add a dNTP to an rNTP
	DNA synthesis proceeds in the 3â to 5â when initiating strand synthesis
	Chromosomal DNA contains interspersed RNA fragments
	The RNA primer increases stability of the newly synthesized strand

rosehippopotamus950

DNA Structure and Function LabReport

DNA Structure
Which two scientists are credited with discovering DNA?

Name the nitrogen bases that are purines.

Which nitrogen base pairs with thymine?

List the three components of a nucleotide.

DNA Replication
What is the purpose of DNA replication?

How many times does replication occur in the life of acell?

In the Lab, Exercise 2, the original strand on the left had thebases shown below. Input the new bases that correctly pair with theoriginal strand.

Original	New
C
A
G
T

RNA Structure

Describe the structure and function of RNA.

Refer to Exercise 3 and record the bases of the RNA strandproduced from the replicated DNA strand.

DNA	RNA
C
A
G
T

Record the differences between DNA and RNA in the tablebelow.

	DNA	RNA
Sugars
Bases
Strands

RNA Synthesis

The process of assembling RNA is called _________.

How is replication different from transcription?

Refer to Exercise 4. Write the letters for the base sequence ofmRNA in the spaces below DNA. Note that the order is reversed;start with the 3â end of the DNA strand and the 5â end of the mRNAstrand. Transcription is DNA to mRNA. Note RNA contains Uracilinstead of Thymine; There is no thymine in RNA.

DNA

3â

5â

mRNA

5â

3â

Protein Synthesis

What type of RNA provides amino acids to build polypeptidechains?

If a mRNA strand has the bases 5â CUC 3â, what amino acid willbe translated? Refer to the printable chart in Exercise 5.

Where in the cell does translation occur?

Genes

What could be the problem if there is a change in the basesequence of a gene as it is passed down to the offspring?

Give an example of a disorder that results from changes in theamino acid sequence.

What causes sickle cell anemia?

Gene Cloning

What is the function of a plasmid?

Print the document from Lab, Exercise 6. Complete the activityalong with the video demonstration. Sign, date, and take an imageof your final product and include with this lab report.

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BIO130H1 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Transcription Bubble, Dna Replication, Pribnow Box

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