Anatomy and Cell Biology 3319 Lecture Notes - Lecture 20: Thoracic Vertebrae, Cervical Vertebrae, Scoliosis

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oliveeagle385

1 May 2018

School

Western University

Department

Anatomy and Cell Biology

Course

Anatomy and Cell Biology 3319

Professor

Michele Barbeau

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Lecture 020: Axial Skeleton - Vertebral Column

Vertebral Column Objectives

● Describe the curvature of the vertebral column during ontogeny

● Identify the individual characteristics of a typical thoracic vertebrae and a typical

cervical vertebrae

● Identify the specific characteristics of the Atlas and Axis

● Contrast a lumbar vertebrae to a thoracic vertebra

● Identify the special features of the sacrum

Curvatures of the Vertebral Column

● Curvature allow for the absorbances in the force of impact in walking

○ You have a bound when you walk

● Primary curvature develops as a feature

○ In the thoracic and sacral region

○ One big continuous c-shape

● Secondary curvatures develop during infancy

○ Cervical curvature: develops when the baby starts to hold their head up

○ Lumbar curvature: develops when the baby starts to walk

○ Develops as the baby gain muscle strength and starts to use different parts of

their body for movement and weight bearing

○ The cervical and lumbar curvature remain throughout life

Abnormal Curvatures of the Vertebral Column

● Kyphosis

○ Increased thoracic curvature usually resulting from osteoporosis

■ Vertebral bodies wear away and erode with age

■ Stops stacking nicely

○ Hunchback

○ Seen in elderly people

○ Not reversible

● Lordosis

○ Increased lumbar curvature due to weakened abdominal muscles

○ Often associated with pregnancy or obesity

■ Temporary for the most part in pregnant woman

● Scoliosis

○ Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

○ 80% have idiopathic causes (unknown)

○ Other causes include asymmetrical weakness of the back muscles or incomplete

formation of the vertebrae

○ Severity: from the degree of curvature

○ Minor cases

■ Wear a custom brace to support the muscles

■ For the most part, it is not painful

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■ May cause slight compression of the lungs

○ Severe cases

■ May require surgery

■ Attach the vertebrae to metal rods and bone growth is encouraged to fuse

the vertebrae in a fixed position

■ Can impede breathing and activity

Structures of a Typical Vertebrae

● Processes are sites for muscle attachment (need space to grab) and movement

○ Spinous process

■ Projects straight back

○ Transverse process

■ Projects to the side

○ Articular processes

■ Allow movement (but only so much - restricted)

■ Come together with another process to form a joint

● The zygapophysial (facet) joint

■ Superior articular process

● Projects up and posteriorly

■ Inferior articular facet

● Projects down and anteriorly

■ The superior and inferior process from adjacent vertebrae come together

to form a join

● Both are covered by articular cartilage that acts as a cushion

that prevents the bones from rubbing against each other

● Arthritis arise when the articular cartilage is worn away

○ Back pain

● Intervertebral foramen

○ The superior and inferior notch from adjacent vertebrae come together to form

a join

○ Spinal (peripheral) nerves exit from here

● Vertebral arch

○ Forms a foramen (opening) where the spinal cord passes through

○ Protects the spinal cord

○ Lamina

■ Arches towards the midline

○ Pedicle

■ “Feet” attached to the body

● Vertebral body

○ Collapse in osteoporosis

○ Stacks on the opposing vertebral body

○ Forms the axis of the vertebral column

○ Supports body weight

● Intervertebral disk

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Document Summary

Describe the curvature of the vertebral column during ontogeny. Identify the individual characteristics of a typical thoracic vertebrae and a typical cervical vertebrae. Identify the specific characteristics of the atlas and axis. Contrast a lumbar vertebrae to a thoracic vertebra. Curvature allow for the absorbances in the force of impact in walking. You have a bound when you walk. Cervical curvature: develops when the baby starts to hold their head up. Lumbar curvature: develops when the baby starts to walk. Develops as the baby gain muscle strength and starts to use different parts of their body for movement and weight bearing. The cervical and lumbar curvature remain throughout life. Vertebral bodies wear away and erode with age. Increased lumbar curvature due to weakened abdominal muscles. Temporary for the most part in pregnant woman. Other causes include asymmetrical weakness of the back muscles or incomplete formation of the vertebrae. Wear a custom brace to support the muscles.

Related Questions

1. Consider the following eight statements about vertebrae. Which four of the following eight statements are TRUE? Choose all four correct answers.

(a) In Actinopterygii, Chondrichthyes, and some Amphibia (and one unusual taxon of Lepidosauria), the vertebrae have centra which surround the notochord.

(b) Some vertebrae have processes such as spines that function as sites for muscle attachment.

(d) In tetrapods, the vertebrae have processes called zygapophyses that function as specialized sites for articulation with the ribs.

(e) Vertebrae arise from sclerotome epimere mesoderm.

(f) All extant vertebrate taxa have vertebrae.

(g) Some vertebrae have hemal arches which protect blood vessels (such as the dorsal aorta).

(h) Vertebrae have neural arches which protect the notochord.

2. While walking through the halls of the Biosciences building, you find a single vertebra lying on the floor. You notice that it does not have zygapophyses. It has an amphicoelous centrum, and it has both a neural arch and a hemal arch. This vertebra is completely ossified. Identify to which vertebrate taxon this vertebra belongs, and to which region of the vertebral column.

(a) caudal region - Petromyzontida

(b) thoracic region - Aves

(d) trunk region - Actinopterygii

(e) caudal region - Actinopterygii

(f) caudal region - Amphibia

(g) caudal region - Chondrichthyes

3. You are doing a study on the diet of polar bears. While examining the scat (droppings) of a large polar bear, you find a single vertebrae. You need to identify this vertebra to determine what this polar bear has been eating. Polar bears are known to eat mammals, birds, and some fish (Actinopterygii). This vertebra has a heterocoelous centra and it has no articulation sites for ribs. It also has an odontoid process. To which of these three vertebrate taxa, and to which region of the vertebral column does this vertebra belong?

(a) synsacral region - Aves

(b) cervical region - Mammalia

(d) cervical region - Aves

(e) caudal region - Actinopterygii

(f) thoracic region - Mammalia

4. Which four of the following eight statements about the skeleton are TRUE? (Choose all four correct options.)

(a) Bone is a tissue that is able to withstand large tensile forces but not large compressive forces.

(b) An important role of the vertebral column in actinopterygii and chondrichthyes is to support the body weight.

(c) in amniotes, the ribs consist of two parts, a costal rib (which articulates with a thoracic vertebra) and a sternal rib (which articulates with the sternum). The mobile joints between the costal and sternal rib, as well as between the costal rib and the vertebra and between the sternal rib and the sternum, make the ribcage flexible such that it can expand during breathing.

(d) A vertebral column with procoelous centra would have a greater range of mobility than a vertebral column with acoelous centra.

(e) In all extant vertebrate taxa, the vertebral column provides axial structural support, as well as support for locomotion.

(f) In many mammals, ligaments and muscles attaching to the neural spines of vertebrae help to stabilize the vertebral column and pull it into a stable arch, which helps to efficiently bridge the body weight to the legs.

(g) In tetrapods, the pectoral girdle is firmly fused to the vertebral column to allow for efficient transfer of locomotive forces from the forelimbs to the axial skeleton.

(h) In chondrichthyes, actinopterygii, sarcopterygii, and some tetrapods, the vertebral column acts as a firm but flexible rod on which muscles pull to produce lateral undulations of the body for locomotion.

5. Consider the following eight statements about the form and function of the appendicular skeleton. Which four of the following eight statements are TRUE? (Choose all four correct options.)

(a) In sharks (Chondrichthyes), the pectoral and pelvic fins are mainly used for propulsion - to propel the body forward through the water.

(b) The tips of fins are supported by fin rays, thin rods which support a webbing of skin (and sometimes also connective tissue) - this increases the surface area of the fin

(c) The fleshy fins of sarcopterygii are not very maneuverable, and are used only to stabilize the body by preventing roll, pitch, and yaw when swimming rapidly.

(d) In both actinopterygii and chondrichthyes, the pectoral girdle attaches directly to the back of the skull while the pelvic girdle is embedded in the muscle of the body wall.

(e) In both sharks (Chondrichthyes) and actinopterygii, the pectoral and pelvic fins provide stability while swimming by preventing roll, pitch, and yaw.

(f) In male chondrichthyes, the pelvic fins have special extensions called claspers that are used to transfer sperm to females during copulation for internal fertilization.

(g) Petromyzontida and myxinoidea have paired pectoral and pelvic fins that are used to provide stability while swimming, as well as for steering.

(h) The main functions of girdles are to provide attachment sites for the muscles of the appendages (paired fins or limbs) and to stabilize the appendages.

6. Consider the following statements related to the appendicular skeleton and terrestrial locomotion of tetrapods. Which three of the following six statements are CORRECT? (Choose all three correct options.)

(a) In tetrapods with erect limb posture, the limbs are positioned directly under the body, while in tetrapods with sprawled limb posture, the limbs are positioned to the sides of the body.

(b) In terrestrial tetrapods, the distal ends of the humerus and femur are rotated such that the digits are oriented in line with the direction of travel, increasing both tractive and propulsive forces during terrestrial locomotion.

(c) Tetrapods with digitigrade foot posture have relatively longer limbs than tetrapods with plantigrade foot posture, such that they have a greater stride length.

(d) When terrestrial tetrapods are walking or running, the recovery stroke of the limbs involves the limb touching the ground while the propulsive stroke of the limbs involves the limb being lifted and moving from posterior to anterior.

(e) In tetrapods with sprawled limb posture, the dorsal elements of the pectoral girdle (such as the scapula) are much larger than the ventral elements of the pectoral girdle (such as the clavicle and corocoid).

(f) When walking or running, tetrapods with erect limb posture use an overarm swing for the recovery stroke, which is relatively slow.

7. You are walking along the beach and find a skeleton in the sand. You notice that the pelvic girdle is not fused to the vertebral column while the pectoral girdle is fused to the skull. The distal ends of the appendages have fin rays. It appears that all muscles controlling the appendages were located within the body wall, not within the appendages. To which vertebrate taxon does this skeleton belong?

(a) Sarcopterygii

(b) Lepidosauria

(d) Amphibia

(e) Actinopterygii

(f) Petromyzontida

8. Your neighbour finds a skeleton while cleaning out the pond in her backyard, and she asks you to identify it. You notice that the vertebrae have zygapophyses and that the centra of the vertebrae are procoelous. The ribs are quite short, and articulate with the vertebrae but not with the sternum. The pelvic and pectoral girdles appear robust and highly ossified, and the pectoral girdle has enlarged ventral elements but relatively small dorsal elements. The appendages each have five digits. Identify this skeleton for your neighbour, and describe to her as much as you can about its style of locomotion, based on this information about its axial and appendicular skeleton. (Choose all three correct options.)

(a) This skeleton is most likely from an amphibian.

(b) This skeleton is most likely from a sarcopterygian.

(d) This animal most likely had sprawled limb posture.

(e) This animal most likely could not support its own body weight using its appendages, and so would not have been capable of terrestrial locomotion.

(f) This animal probably walked with lateral undulations of the body, using the feet as pivot points.

(g) This animal most likely walked with a recovery stroke that used an energetically efficient pendulum-like swing.

(h) This skeleton is most likely from a crocodilian (Archosauria).

1. The upper and lower limbs (arms and legs) are considered tobe part of the:

Select one:

a. axial skeleton

b. appendicular skeleton

2. The floating ribs are considered to be:

a. true ribs

b. false ribs

3. When you get a herniated intervertebral disc ("slipped disc"or "hernia"), it is most likely to happen between the __________vertebrae.

Select one:

a. cervical

b. thoracic

c. lumbar

d. sacral

4. Which of the bones in the hip are the bones that you siton?

Select one:

a. sacrum

b. ileum

c. ischium

d. pubis

5.When you touch your forehead, you are touching the temporalbone.

Select one:

True

False

6. The technical name for the jaw bone is the maxilla.

Select one:

True

False

7. The bones in the palm of your hand are the phalanges.

Select one:

True

False

8. The ribs are associated with the lumbar vertebrae.

Select one:

True

False

9. The largest bone in the sternum is called the "body."

Select one:

True

False

10. You can feel your temporomandibular joint by touching thearea that is immediately anterior to your ears. When people grindtheir teeth in their sleep, it can (but not always) result in painin their temporomandibular joint.

Select one:

True

False

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Anatomy and Cell Biology 3319 Lecture Notes - Lecture 20: Thoracic Vertebrae, Cervical Vertebrae, Scoliosis

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