Pathology 2420A Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug, Psychological Stress, Health Professional

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12 Oct 2017

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The definition and causes of disease - key terms. Chromosomal abnormalities - a change in the normal number of chromosomes (normally 22 pairs plus sex chromosomes (either xx or xy)) or in their normal structure. Disease - very simply, a change in normal body function/structure that leads to abnormal function (e. g. resulting from a direct insult, such as trauma or infection, or an indirect insult, such as a disturbance in metabolism). Etiology - the study of the cause(s) of disease. Iatrogenic - disease caused as the result of a medical treatment. Idiopathic - of unknown origin; used when we don"t know the cause of disease. Morbidity - the impairment of health by illness. Mortality - causing the death of the patient. Pathogenesis - the stages through which a disease progresses; the production and development or mechanism of disease. Pathology - the study of disease (causes, typical characteristics and effects). Prognosis - the most likely course and outcome of disease.

Related Questions

QUESTION 1 1. The relative importance or burden of a disease within a population will depend on a number of factors including : A. Disease frequency B. Disease severity C. Disease consequences D. All of the above

QUESTION 2 1 . With the epidemiologic transition, there is a reduction in malnutrition and _____ . A. Communicable diseases B. Injuries C. Non-communicable chronic diseases D. Mental health disorders

QUESTION 3 1. A major challenge to developing a burden of disease profile in low and middle-income countries relates to A. Unwillingness to share complete information B. Conflicting disease definitions C. Challenges obtaining information related to cause of death D. All of the above

QUESTION 4 1. The demographic transition describes which of the following changes to society A. Changes in birth and death rates that reflect a modern society B. Declines in mortality followed by a reduction in fertility C. A change in the age structure of the population D. All of the above

QUESTION 5 1. Measures of health status that combine mortality and morbidity data A. Facilitate comparisons both within and across populations B. Help estimate the quantitative health benefits from interventions C. Serve as tools to assist with resource allocation D. All of the above

QUESTION 6 1. The disability-adjusted life year is defined as A. A health gap population summary measure that combines time lost due to disability with that lost due to death B. A measure to compare the gap between the current situation to that of an ideal situation C. A measure that combines the amount of healthy life lost due to morbidity with that lost due to injury. D. Answers B and C

QUESTION 7 1. True or false? A key limitation to mortality-based indicators is that they fail to account for the morbidity caused by disease. True False

QUESTION 8 1. The most widely used composite measure of population health is the DALY, and this epidemiological measure is the sum of morbidity and ________data. A. Years of life lost (YLL) B. Morbidity C. Infant mortality rates (IMR) D. none of the above

QUESTION 9 1. What would be the best source of information on adult and infant mortality (in high income countries)? A. Disease registers B. Vital statistics C. Special survey study D. Hospital clinic statistics

QUESTION 10 1. Which term is best used to describe the proportion of people in a population who have a defined disease at a specific point of time? A. DALY B. Incidence C. Mortality rate D. Prevalence

QUESTION 11 1. Which term is best used to describe new cases of disease occurring in a population? A. DALY B. Incidence C. Mortality rate D. Prevalence

QUESTION 12 1. Which term is used to describe the absence or presence of illness or disease? A. Demography B. Morbidity C. Mortality D. Vitality

QUESTION 13 1. Mortality (death indicators) include: A. Mortality rate B. Infant mortality rate C. Neonatal morality rate D. All of the above

QUESTION 14 1. True or false? The value of life is often implicit in the way resource allocation decisions are made, which suggests that these decisions should be as explicit, open, and transparent as possible. True False

QUESTION 15 1. _________________is projected as the number one leading cause of disease burden in 2030. A. Ischemic heart disease B. Diabetes mellitus C. HIV/AIDS D. Unipolar depression

QUESTION 16 1. Some of the negative aspects of globalization include A. Greater insecurity of employment B. Poorer housing and sanitation due to rapid urbanization C. Greater vulnerability to environmental degradation D. All of the above

QUESTION 17 1. Current concerns about climate change focus on several developments including A. Rising global average land and sea surface temperature B. Increasing frequency of extreme weather conditions C. Both A and B D. None of the above

QUESTION 18 1. True or false? Diseases carried by mosquitoes are especially sensitive to meteorological conditions because they are vulnerable to changes in the ambient temperature. As a result of changing temperatures, infectious diseases such as malaria and dengue have decreased in incidence and geographic range. True False

QUESTION 19 1. True or false? International cooperation of infectious disease control has a long history that includes obligatory reporting of outbreaks of specific diseases. However, compliance with obligatory reporting has been poor due to economic consequences that have often accompanied notification of disease outbreaks. True False

QUESTION 20 1. True or false? Globalization is a relatively new phenomenon that began in the mid-20th century. True False

Causes of Abnormal Plasma Urea Concentration HAPTER 12 Nonprotein Nitrogen Compounds Congestive heart falure Shock, hemorrhage Dehydration Increased protein cataboliom High-protein diet Acute and chronic renal failure Renal disease, including glo- CASE STUDY TABLE 12.1.1 Laboratory Reis- First Admission Urea N (Img/d) Creatinine (mg/dl) 1.8 13 Urea N/creatinine 25 Renal merular nephritis and tubular 18.5 122 7.50 48.7 Urinary tract obstruction 744 Decreased Concentration Low protein intake Severe vomiting and diarrhea Liver disease pO, (mm Hg o,sat (%) 328 576 51.391.0 protein cin catabolism, such as occurs in stress, fever, major diuresis. This treatment brought about a illness, corticosteroid Because of severe respiratory distress, the patient was transferred to the intensive care unit, placed on a respirator and given diuretics and intravenous (IV) fluids to promote d therapy, and Gl hemorrhage, may signiÅicamt increase the urea concentration. Decreased urea concentration as a result of compromised urea excre- ed renal function causes an increase in plasma improvement in both cardiac output and renal function. as shown by laboratory results several days later (6/3).After 2 additional days on a respirator with IV therapy, the patik of elevated urea include acute anbere within normal limits (67), renal function had returned to normal and, at discharge, his dmitted 6 months later because of intrinsic renal disease (see Chapter 27). Postrenala temia can be due to obstruction of urine flow anywhere in the urinary tract by renal calculi, tumors of the bladder or prostate, or severe infection. increasing inability of his family to arouse him. On admis sion, he was shown to have a tremendously enlarged heart with severe pulmonary disease, heart failure, and prob- able renal failure. Laboratory studies on admission were The major causes of decreased plasma urea concen- as shown in Case Study Table 12.1.2. Numerous attempts tration include low protein intake and severe liver dis- were made to improve the patient's cardiac and pulmonary ease. Plasma urea concentration is decreased during late f pregnancy and in infancy as a result of increased protein synthesis. The conditions affecting plasma urea concentra function, all to no avail, and the patient died 4 days later Differentiation of the cause of abnormal urea concentration CASE STUDY TABLE 12.1.2 Laboratory Results is aided by calculation of the urea nitrogen/creatinine (urea Second Admission N/creatinine) ratio, which is normally 10:1 to 20:1. Prerenal conditions tend to elevate plasma urea, whereas plasma creati- nine remains normal, causing a high urea N/creatinine ratio. A high urea N/creatinine ratio with an elevated creatinine is Uric acid (mg/dl) usually seen in postrenal conditions. A low urea N/creatinine Urea N/creatinine ratio is observed in conditions associated with decreased urea production, such as low protein intake, acute tubular necrosis, pH tion are summarized in Table 12.3. 90 Urea N (mg/dl) 3.9 12.0 23 7.35 59.9 pCO: (mm Hg) pO, (mm Hg) O, sat (96) 34.6 and severe liver disease. 63.7 CASE STUDY 12.1 e chronic obstructive lung disease, renal insufficiency, 1. What is the most likely cause of the patient's clevated and 65-year-old man was first admitted for treatment urea nitrogen? Which data support your conclusion t laboratory data on au significant cardiomegaly. Pertinent (5/31) are shown in Case Study Table 12.1.1.

Pathology 2420A Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug, Psychological Stress, Health Professional

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