ES101 Lecture Notes - Lecture 19: Phosphorus Cycle, Sea Spray, Sulfur Dioxide

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emeraldyellowjacket960

6 Feb 2018

School

WLU

Department

Environmental Studies

Course

ES101

Professor

Edmund Okoree

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Document Summary

Mainly in rocks and ocean bottom sediments. Found in sewage and mining waste as well as fertilizers which then runoff to streams and lakes and get dissolved in the water. Slow weathering and erosion of phosphorus-containing rocks releases phosphorus containing rocks releases phosphorus into soil water lakes and rivers which are taken by plant roots. The textbook states "phosphate can be lost from the cycle for long periods" (page 86). Because when it is washed from land into streams and rivers and is carried to the ocean in which it reaches the sea floor and is deposited as a sediments and remain there for millions of years. Because most soils contain little phosphate it is a limiting factor for plant growth on land unless it is applied as a fertilizer. List three ways humans disrupt the phosphorus cycle. Mining: causes large quantities of phosphate rock to be mined for fertilizers. Reduce by cutting tropical forests: reduce phosphate in tropical soil.

Related Questions

The nitrogen cycle describes the fluxes of nitrogen atoms among air, land, and water. Nitrogen enters the atmosphere in the form of N2O or N2 gas when people burn fossil fuels. Nitrogen enters soil as bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen to NO3-, which can be absorbed by plants. Water contacting soil will pick up nitrogen and carry it to a lake or ocean. In recent decades, the use of fertilizers containing nitrogen has increased the amount of nitrogen that flows into lakes and oceans, causing blooms of algal referred to as eutrophication.

Use this information and your knowledge about biology to answer questions 16-20.

16. All of the nitrogen in fertilizers will end up in bodies of water. True or False

17. If the supply of nitrogen limits the growth of plants, emissions from burning fossil fuels should lead to more biomass of plants. True or False

18. A teleconnection occurs when nitrogen introduced as fertilizer ends up causing algae to bloom in the ocean. True or False

19. Negative feedback would occur if emissions of fossil fuel increase the rate of nitrification by bacteria. True or False

20. Positive feedback occurs when nitrification by bacteria causes the population of bacteria to grow. True or False

Question1.1. The cumulative amount ofresources an organism uses to survive is known as its ________.(Points : 1)

carbon footprint
ecologicalfootprint
biologicalfootprint
consumptionfootprint

Question2.2. The Conservation ReserveProgram pays farmers to ________. (Points : 1)

grow crops such as cornand beans
plant trees or grassesinstead of cultivating highly erodible cropland
install living plants aswindbreaks
allow animal populationsto naturally disperse over their property

Question3.3. The United States agencycharged with slowing soil degradation is the ________. (Points :1)

Soil AggregationService
Agricultural StandardsAgency
Conservation IntegrationService
Natural ResourceConservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service)

Question4.4. In 1999, the richestone-fifth of the world's people possessed ________ times the incomeof the poorest one-fifth. (Points : 1)

5
12
32
82

Question5.5. Since the 1960s, themost-used fuel in the world is ________. (Points : 1)

coal
natural gas
oil
nuclear power

Question6.6. The majority of theworld's population survives on the equivalent of ________ U.S. perday. (Points : 1)

about $5
less than $2
about $1
exactly $0.50

Question7.7. Which of the following isa major pollutant of groundwater? (Points : 1)

Carbon
Igneous rock
Cover crops
Petroleum

Question8.8. The largest use of freshwater is for ________. (Points : 1)

drinking
washing and bathing
irrigation andagriculture
industry andmanufacturing

Question9.9. Data indicate thatpresent freshwater consumption in much of the world is ________.(Points : 1)

sustainable
unsustainable
not depleting groundwatersupply but is decreasing surface water storage
not effecting freshwatersupply in coastal areas but is causing shortages in inlandregions

Question10.10. Water that runs downsinks, showers, and bathtub drains, and that can be used withlittle or no treatment for irrigation and some industry is called________. (Points : 1)

loose water
runoff
gray water
fresh water

Question11.11. The age structure of apopulation ________. (Points : 1)

is based on the adjustedlifespan of a species
can be used to predictfuture dynamics of a population
is calculated based onthe number of individuals who survive puberty
is derived frompopulation growth rate

Question12.12. What percentage of thetotal water on Earth is fresh water? (Points : 1)

15%
10%
5%
2.5%

Question13.13. A coal mining processthat removes huge amounts of soil and rock in order to directlyaccess coal reserves is known as ________. (Points : 1)

strip mining
subsurface mining
surface mining
dynamite mining

Question14.14. The energy harnessed ina nuclear reactor is released from splitting ________. (Points :1)

molecules
atoms
protons
electrons

Question15.15. The main waste productfrom a nuclear power plant is ________. (Points : 1)

barrels of radioactiveliquid
uranium fuel rods
acid rain
invisible radioactivevapor

Question16.16. ________ can contributeto air pollution and the contamination of both surface water andgroundwater. (Points : 1)

Hydroponics
Greenhouse farmingoperations
Aquaculture
Concentrated animalfeeding operations

Question17.17. It is moreenergetically efficient to eat ________ than other food sources.(Points : 1)

primary producers
herbivores
carnivores
tertiary consumers

Question18.18. Life expectancies indeveloping countries, such as those in southern Africa, ________.(Points : 1)

are on the rise
are beginning tostabilize due to population control
have fallen dramaticallycompared to life expectancies of the 1950s
are equivalent to lifeexpectancies in developed countries, such as the United States andCanada

Question19.19. The loss of more than10% productivity in arid areas to erosion, soil compaction, forestremoval, and an array of other factors is called ________. (Points: 1)

weathering
leaching
desertification
salinization

Question20.20. All of the followingare examples of renewable energy sources except ________. (Points :1)

solar power
biodiesel
natural gas
wind power

blackmosquito628

Could you please proof read my work (Scientifically and correctgrammar) on mangroves issues regardingSocial, Economical, Environmental and Political areas. I wouldhighly appreciate your help.

Here itis:

Issues:

The mangrove forests provide at least US $1.6 billion each yearin ecosystem services as it acts as bases for successful fishingand prawning industry since it provides breeding, feeding andnursery areas for marine species worldwide. Studies in EasternAustralia have estimated that around 67% of the entire commercialcatch is composed of species dependent upon mangrove estuarineareas. The northern Prawn fishery, one of the most valuablefisheries in Australia which is lined by mangrove communities,injects millions of dollars each year into the NT economy. Forexample, In 1996/97 around 3266 tonnes of prawns were produced fromNT waters, valued at around $51 million. In addition, approximately$7.5 million of mud crab and $3.3 million of barramundi were caughtin the NT.

Also in countries such as Belize in USA, theannual economic benefits from reef and mangrove dependent fisheriesis estimated at between US$14â16 million. Furthermore, mangrovesalso benefit the economy by providing recreational facilities forexample, in 2007 many coastal Belizeans Coral reef- andmangrove-associated tourism contributed an estimated US$150 millionto $196 million to the national economy (12 percent to 15 percentof GDP).

Additionally, mangrove forests provide thesociety across the globe with huge range of 'ecological services'such as providing a source of timber which can be used to builddwellings and boats, fuel-wood for cooking and heating sinceAvicennia woods have a high calorific (heating) value,food and traditional medicines for example, the bark ofAvicennia marina can be used to treat stingray stings. Allof these mangrove products can raise the economy of the country bybeing sold by the individuals that collect them. For example, incountries such as Sri Lanka, the collective mangrove productsrepresent a total gross value of US$ 1,171/household/year. Theycontribute to the income of poor, medium and rich income categoryby approximately 42%, 37% and 21% respectively.

Mangroves are also food sources for thesurrounding ecosystems. In New South Wales, it was reported thatone square kilometre of mangrove forest contributes to about 600tonnes of plant material each year to the estuary food chain. Also,mangroves also provide birds sanctuary for northern hemispherebirds. For example, it was reported that a wide variety of 128 birdspecies have been found inhabiting mangroves in Darwin Harbour.

They also provide students with valuable sourcefor understanding the complex scientific interrelationshipsinvolved in the mangrove ecosystem for example linking the changesin abiotic factors with the changes in the biotic factors along themangroves intertidal zone.

Mangroves can also act as barriers againsttsunamis, cyclones and hurricanes. Empirical and field basedevidence is limited, but analytical models show that 30 trees per100m² in a 100m wide belt may reduce tsunami flow rateby as much as 90%. For example in 1960 a tsunami hit the coast ofBangladesh in an area where the mangroves were intact. No-one died.These mangroves were subsequently cut down by the shrimp (prawn)farming industry and in 1991 thousands of people were killed when atsunami of the same magnitude hit the same region.

Mangroves create a physical barrier, slowingwater movement from the land and trapping sediments. Accordinglythey make land and reduce the erosion along estuaries and creeksand by doing so, they reduce contaminants and sediment run up intothe water and act as natural bio-filters, maintaining the health ofcoral reefs and coastal habitats.

Furthermore, the mangrove forests play animportant role in sequestering coastal carbon from the atmosphereand dissolving it into the ocean. Although the intertidal mangroveforests cover only 0.1% of the earth's surface, they contribute upto 10 % worldwide of the ocean's dissolved organic carbon. This isapproximately equal to the amount reaching the ocean from theAmazon river, the largest single source of dissolved organiccarbon.

Unlike CO2 absorbed directly from theatmosphere, much of the carbon produced by mangrove trees is boundup in large molecules which are highly resistant to decomposition,and is therefore likely to be held in the ocean for decades insteadof being returned to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide.

Due to the extractive activities in mangrove forests inAustralia such as the illegal collection of crabs and mangroves'fruits for medicinal purposes as well as timber harvesting, thegovernment and several agencies have introduced laws to protect themangorve forests. For example on the 1^st of March 2009,in Queensland, the Government introduced green zones which protects16 % of the Moreton bay marine park. The Government has placed, a$21 million investment in the park which includes a $15 millionStructural Adjustment Program to reduce the environmental andeconomic effects of commercial fishing effort displaced by the newzoning arrangements by purchasing commercial fishing licences

Another example is that in 2003, 465 km² ofmangroves and associated habitats around Darwin Harbourwere zoned conservation areas by several agencies, including EPA (Environmental protection Agency), DPI ( Department of planning andinfrastructure) and several others, under an amendment to theNorthern Territory Planning Scheme. This includes 95.6% ofmangroves in the harbour. Also, in South Australia, 28% of themangroves are lying within protected areas that are covered by anumber of acts set by the government

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ES101 Lecture Notes - Lecture 19: Phosphorus Cycle, Sea Spray, Sulfur Dioxide

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