SMG FE 101 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Net Present Value, Risk Arbitrage, Cash Flow

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cyangerbil317

10 Nov 2016

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3/16/2015 7:23:00 pm: it is not possible to compare costs and benefits that occur at different points in time, in different currencies, or with different risks. We should adjust number when doing the analysis. You cannot compare the price in different time or different currency. Valuation principle: the value of a commodity or an asset to the firm or its investors is determined by its competitive market price. When the value of the benefits exceeds the value of the costs in terms of market prices, the decision will increase the market value of the firm. The value of a commodity or an asset to the firm or its investors is determined by its competitive market price. The benefits and costs of a decision should be evaluated using those market prices. Why there can be only one competitive price for a good. The practice of buying and selling equivalent goods to take advantage of a price difference.

Related Questions

Amongst corporations, sole proprietorships and partnerships, approximately what percentage of revenues are generated by corporations?

50%

42%

33%

82%

Question 2

What should be the financial goal of any firm?

attracting and acquiring capital and investing it

maximization of the ownersâ wealth

offering quality products at fair prices

quality customer service

Question 3
4 pts
Which of the following statement(s) is \ are true regarding the corporate management team?

In a corporation, ownership and direct control are typically separate.

Board of Directors is elected by shareholders and has ultimate decision-making authority

The Chief Executive Officer (CEO) â the Board typically delegates day-to-day decision making to the CEO.

All of the above

Question 4
4 pts
When calculating the present value of either a future single sum or a future annuity, it involves a process called discounting. The applicable interest rate to perform the discounting function is usually called the

yield to maturity

compound interest rate

discount rate

none of the above

Question 5
4 pts
_________________ are used to present additional information about items included in the financial statements and to present additional financial information.

stock certificates

Notes to financial statements

Preferred stocks

Convertible securities
Question 6
4 pts
What should be the financial goal of any firm?

maximization of the ownersâ wealth

attracting and acquiring capital and investing it

offering quality products at fair prices

quality customer service

Question 7
4 pts
A competitive market is one in which a _____ numbers of producers compete with each other to satisfy the wants and needs of a _____ number of consumers.

Large, small

Small, small

Large, large

Small, large

Question 8
4 pts
The Valuation Principle is an analysis between the value of the ______ of a financial alternative and the value of its ______.

revenues, income

benefits, costs

expenses, costs

Question 9
4 pts
The Net Present Value rule implies that we should compare a projectâs net present value (NPV) to___________. (zero \ future value \ the past).

Zero

Future Value

The Past

An Estimate

Question 10
4 pts
The internal rate of return (IRR) rule will _______ agree with the Net Present Value rule on a given investment project.

always

never

sometimes

none of the above

Question 11
5 pts
The law of one price exists due to arbitrage opportunities. If the price of a security, commodity or asset is different in two different markets, then an arbitrageur will ______ the asset in the more expensive market and ________ it where prices are lower.

sell, purchase

purchase, sell

purchase, purchase

sell, sell

Question 12
5 pts
Approaching every problem using a timeline is a(n) ________ idea because timelines identify events in a transaction or investment which might otherwise be easily overlooked.

good

bad

indifferent

unrealistic

Question 13
5 pts
The present value (PV) of a stream of cash flows is the _______ the present values of each individual cash flow

difference between

product of

sum of

same as

Question 14
5 pts
As the number of periods increases, present value (increases\decreases\stays the same).

increases

decreases

stays the same

is unrelated

Question 15
5 pts
When a constant cash flow will occur at regular intervals for a finite number of periods of time, it is called a(n) __________.

annuity

perpetuity

interest payment

principle payment

Question 16
5 pts
When a constant cash flow will occur at regular intervals forever, it is called a(n) ___________.

annuity

perpetuity

interest payment

principle payment

Question 17
5 pts
The NPV measures the ______ change in shareholder wealth that arises from undertaking a project.

consistent

dollar

annual

semi-annual

Question 18
5 pts
When calculating the present value of either a future single sum or a future annuity, the applicable interest rate is usually called the _______ rate

compounding

inverted

market

discount

Question 19
5 pts
To endow a perpetuity is the same as calculating the present value (PV) of a perpetuity. Say you want to endow an annual graduation party at your alma mater. You want the event to be a memorable one, so you budget $30,000 per year forever for the party. If the university earns 8% per year on its investments, and if the first party is in one yearâs time, how much will you need to donate to endow the party?
The formula for PV of a perpetuity = C\r; = $30,000 \ 0.08; =

$3,750

$37,500

$375,000

$3,750,000

Question 20
5 pts
With an Ordinary Annuity, payments are required at the ________ of each period. An example of this is bonds which usually pay coupon payments at the end of every six months until the bond's maturity date.

beginning

middle

end

payments are not required

Question 21
5 pts
Sales of securities that the seller does not own is called a:

stop-loss order

short sale

limit order

maintenance margin

Question 22
5 pts
What is the name of the market where money market securities, bonds, and mortgages are originated and traded?

debt securities market

foreign exchange market

derivative securities market

equity securities market

Question 23
5 pts
If an investor feels the price of a stock will decline in the future, which trade should the investor undertake?

market order

buy on margin

limit order

short sale

Question 24
5 pts
For risk averse investors, how much return is expected for taking on more risk?

lower

equal

zero

higher

Question 25
5 pts
A ___________________ is a highly regulated document which details the issuers operations and finances and must be provided to each buyer of a newly issued security.

Prospectus

An underwriting agreement

A best efforts agreement

none of the above

Question 26
5 pts
Which of the following statements about liquidity ratios is true?

The lower the quick ratio relative to the current ratio, the safer a firm is in terms of liquidity.

The higher the current ratio, the more likely a firm is able to pay its short-term obligations.

The quick ratio is always between 0 and 1.

All the above statements are true.

Question 27
5 pts
The ability of a firm to meet its short-term debt obligations as they come due is indicated by which of the following ratios:

liquidity ratios

asset utilization ratios

financial leverage ratios

profitability ratios

Question 28
5 pts
Which one of the following financial statements reports a firmâs assets and the claims on assets?

balance sheet

income statement

statement of changes in financial position

cash flow statement

Question 29
5 pts
The extent to which assets are used to support sales is indicated by which of the following ratios:

liquidity ratios

asset utilization ratios

financial leverage ratios

profitability ratios

Question 30
5 pts
The extent to which assets are financed by borrowed funds and other liabilities is indicated by:

liquidity ratios

asset utilization ratios

financial leverage ratios

profitability ratios

Question 31
5 pts
The basic price that equates the demand for and supply of loanable funds in the financial markets is the __________:

interest rate

yield curve

term structure

cash price

none of the above

Question 32
5 pts
Federal obligations usually issued for maturities of two to ten years are called:

Treasury bonds

Treasury notes

Treasury bills

Agency issues

Question 33
5 pts
An increase in the demand for loan-able funds, holding supply constant, will cause interest rates to:

increase

decrease

stay the same

none of the above

Question 34
5 pts
As interest rates rise, the prices of existing bonds will:

rise

stay the same

fall

either a or b

Question 35
5 pts
In an inflationary period, interest rates have a tendency to:

rise

fall

stay the same

act erratically

salmonhound248

A mining company is considering a new project. Because the mine has received a permit, the project would be legal; but it would cause significant harm to a nearby river. The firm could spend an additional $10 million at Year 0 to mitigate the environmental Problem, but it would not be required to do so. Developing the mine (without mitigation) would cost $60 million, and the expected net cash inflows would be $20 million per year for 5 years. If the firm does invest in mitigation, the annual inflows would be $21 million. The risk adjusted WACC is 10%.

a. Calculate the NPV and IRR with mitigation. Round your answers to two decimal places. Enter your answer for NPV in millions. For example, an answer of $10,550,000 should be entered as 10.55.

NPV $____
IRR ___%

b. How should the environmental effects be dealt with when this project is evaluated?

The environmental effects should be treated as a remote possibility and should only be considered at the time in which they actually occur.

The environmental effects if not mitigated could result in additional loss of cash flows and/or fines and penalties due to ill will among customers, community, etc. Therefore, even though the mine is legal without mitigation, the company needs to make sure that they have anticipated allcosts in the "no mitigation" analysis from not doing the environmental mitigation.

The environmental effects should be ignored since the mine is legal without mitigation.

The environmental effects should be treated as a sunk cost and therefore ignored.

The environmental effects if not mitigated would result in additional cash flows. Therefore, since the mine is legal without mitigation, there are no benefits to performing a "no mitigation" analysis.

c. Should this project be undertaken?

If so, should the firm do the mitigation?

Under the assumption that all costs have been considered, the company would not mitigate for the environmental impact of the project since its NPV with mitigation is greater than its NPV when mitigation costs are not included in the analysis.

Under the assumption that all costs have been considered, the company would not mitigate for the environmental impact of the project since its IRR without mitigation is greater than its IRR when mitigation costs are included in the analysis.

Under the assumption that all costs have been considered, the company would mitigate for the environmental impact of the project since its NPV with mitigation is greater than its NPV when mitigation costs are not included in the analysis.

Under the assumption that all costs have been considered, the company would not mitigate for the environmental impact of the project since its NPV without mitigation is greater than its NPV when mitigation costs are included in the analysis.

Under the assumption that all costs have been considered, the company would mitigate for the environmental impact of the project since its IRR with mitigation is greater than its IRR when mitigation costs are not included in the analysis.

a. You own a two-bond portfolio. Each has a par value of $1,000. Bond A matures in five years, has a coupon rate of 8 percent, and has an annual yield to maturity of 9.20 percent. Bond B matures in fifteen years, has a coupon rate of 8 percent and has an annual yield to maturity of 9.20 percent. Both bonds pay interest semi-annually. What is the value of your portfolio? What happens to the

value of your portfolio if each yield to maturity rises by one percentage point?

b. Rather than own a five-year bond and a fifteen-year bond, suppose you sell both of them and invest in two ten-year bonds. Each has a coupon rate of 8 percent (semi-annual coupons) and has a yield to maturity of 9.20 percent. What is the value of your portfolio? What happens to the value of your portfolio if the yield to maturity on the bonds rises by one percentage point?

c. Based upon your answers to (a) and (b), evaluate the price changes between the two portfolios. Were the price changes the same? Why or why not?

Task 2:

Construct a spreadsheet to replicate the analysis of the table. Click here to view the table. That is, assume that $10,000 is invested in a single asset that returns 7 percent annually for twenty-five years and $2,000 is placed in five different investments, earning returns of 100 percent, 0 percent, 5 percent, 10 percent, and 12 percent, respectively, over the twenty-year time frame. For each of the questions below, begin with the original scenario presented in the table:

a. Experiment with the return on the fifth asset. How low can the return go and still have the diversified portfolio earn a higher return than the single-asset portfolio?

b. What happens to the value of the diversified portfolio if the first two investments are both a total loss?

c. Suppose the single-asset portfolio earns a return of 8 percent annually. How does the return of the single-asset portfolio compare to that of the five-asset portfolio? How does it compare if the single-asset portfolio earns a 6 percent annual return?

d. Assume that Asset 1 of the diversified portfolio remains a total loss (ï¿½100% return) and asset two earns no return. Make a table showing how sensitive the portfolio returns are to a 1-percentage-point change in the return of each of the other three assets. That is, how is the diversified portfolioï¿½s value affected if the return on asset three is 4 percent or 6 percent? If the return on asset four is 9 percent or 11 percent? If the return on asset five is 11 percent? 13 percent? How does the total portfolio value change if each of the three assetï¿½s returns are one percentage point lower than in the table? If they are one percentage point higher?

e. Using the sensitivity analysis of (c) and (d), explain how the two portfolios differ in their sensitivity to different returns on their assets. What are the implications of this for choosing between a single asset portfolio and a diversified portfolio?

Task 3:

Annual savings from Project X include a reduction of ten clerical employees with annual salaries of $15,000 each, $8,000 from reduced production delays, $12,000 from lost sales due to inventory stock-outs, and $3,000 in reduced utility costs. Project X costs $250,000 and will be depreciated over a five-year period using straight-line depreciation. Incremental expenses of the system include two new operators with annual salaries of $40,000 each and operating expenses of $12,000 per year. The firmsï¿½ tax rate is 34 percent.

a. Find Project Xï¿½s initial cash outlay.

b. Find the projectï¿½s operating cash flows over the five-year period.

Cash Flow:

Benefits:
Sale Increase: Reduced lost sales from stockouts
Cost reduction: Salary reduction delay
Reduced production delay
Reduction in utility cost

Change in eranings before depreciation:
change in sales + cost reductions
Depreciation expense

benefits from the project:
change in sales + cost reductions
-depreciation

Cost increases:
Annual salary
operating expense
Increase in costs

Earnings before taxes:(benefits less cost increases)
Less: taxes
Earnings after taxes

Annual cash flows=net+depreciation=

C.If the project's required return is 12%, should it be implemented?

Year Cash flow PV at 12%
0
1
2
3
4
5

Please help me with this

turquoisemouse665

SMG FE 101 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Net Present Value, Risk Arbitrage, Cash Flow

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