PSY 101 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Social Change, Lexeme, Catecholamine
28 Jul 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Cognition;
Concepts
Mental representation
Central properties
Of group/ category/class-similar key features
Of similar objects
Help classify
Metal
Found in earth's crust
Are minerals
Naturally occuring
Shiny
Hard
Valuable
Logical Concept
Specific & concrete rules, rigid rules
E.g square= 4 equal , 90 degree
Natural concepts
Abstract rules
E.g walk on 2 legs= human
Use “Probability” rules
Sometimes combine the 2 types
Prototypes
Beginning stages
Key example
Carrot example
Learn core concepts
Easier to classify new objects
Can be rigid
Problem solving
Actively resolve issue
Don’t have solution for it
Internal representation
Algorithms
Formal reasoning
mechanical , step by step
Systematic
Rules of logic
If A=B & B=C, then A=C
syllogism -2 or more propositions
Conclusion based on the 2
Heuristics
Informal(inductive) reasoning
Shortcuts
Rules of thumb
Based on believability of information
Helps increase
Working backwards
Start with solution
What steps are needed to get there
Reverse engineering?
Different Reduction
Subgoals
Reduce distance between start & finish
Analogies
Similarity to previous problem
How was it solved previously
Obstacles in problem solving
Psychological set
Mental set inappropriate for problem
Functional fixedness
Fail to see other uses for object
Irrelevant information
Get side tracked by useless info
Multiple Hypothesis
Limits to ST(working) memory
Often limit potential solution
Confirmation bias
New info molded to fit earlier ideas
Limits search for alternative
Ignore negative evidence
Language
Learning, cognitive,
Generative; Activity combine words
Unlimited possibilities
Universal yet cultural
Innate & social
Components:
Phoneme
➢Individual sound
➢No individual meaning
➢Culturally dictated
➢English= 40 ish
➢E.g. 00 . sh.th,( consonants & vowels)
Morphemes
➢Smallest unit with meaning
➢Suffixes and prefixes
➢(pre, post,ed,s,ing)
➢100,000 in English
Lexeme
➢Individual word
Grammar:
Syntax
Rues that govern the arrangement of words
sentence=
adjective=
Semantic
Meaning of words & their relationships
E.g. ed- happened in the past
Example:
Can we eat gramma?
Hey look at doorknob?
They are hunting dogs
Enraged cow kills farmer with ax
Prostitutes appeal to pope
Kids make nutritious snacks
Never witholds herpes from loved ones
Local high school dropouts cut in half
Document Summary
If a=b & b=c, then a=c syllogism -2 or more propositions. Rues that govern the arrangement of words sentence= adjective= One word, then two words, then sentences even in deaf with sign language. Racoon-cocoon-bunny ride- rabbit ride-river rapid para language- accent, tone, inflection, tempo. Signal between brain organ: signal from blood. Leptin= regulates fat stores insulin= regulates sugar: brain centers. Sex: signals between brain and organ, signal form blood. Hypothalamus= sex drive pituitary = control testes/ ovaries cerebrum= interpretation. Norms are something that is normal and expected \ Hierarchy of need s( maslow: physiological, safety, belongingness and love, esteem, self actualization. Object is same despite change in properties. Change from talk/ thin to short/ wide= same amount: concrete operational. Men: less likely to visit doctor than women especially with macho personality. Linked with decreases heart attack and stroke. #2 cause of death adolescent/ young adults. Sympathetic organs lungs , heart, liver, kidneys )
