BIOL-2230 Lecture Notes - Lecture 13: Endothelium, Selectin, Blood Vessel
Thursday, March 8, 2018
1
BIOL 2230: Anatomy II, Test 3 (Lecture 13, Immune
System)
Results of Inflammation
- Injured cells release leukocytosis-inducing factors
• Damaged site releases leukocytosis-inducing factors (LIF)
- Leukocytosis-production of white blood cells
• Chemical that signals hemocytoblasts to go through leukocytosis
- Causes neutrophil release by red bone marrow
• Neutrophil concentration will increase and they become phagocytic
- Loss of fluids slows blood flow locally
• Blood vessels dilate and lose fluid, blood flow will slow down as a result
- Due to slower blood flow at the inflammation site, neutrophils can accumulate
- Inflammation will cause selectin to be secreted by endothelial blood vessel cells
- Inflammation causes production of selections on endothelial cells
- Margination occurs
• Neutrophils will be help close to the endothelium of the blood vessel cell wall by
selectin
- Neutrophils escape the capillaries
• Done through diapedesis
- Inflammatory chemicals act as chemotactic agents
- Monocytes follow neutrophils
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Thursday, March 8, 2018
2
- Monocytes become macrophages after leaving capillaries
• Monocyte vs. Macrophage
- Inside of a capillary: monocyte
- Outside of a capillary: macrophage
• This occurs because the monocyte will accumulate a lot of enzymes
Interferon Mechanism
- When IFNs diffuse to surrounding cells, it signals neighboring cells to produce PKR
proteins
- PKR proteins interfere with viral replication
• Interrupts the pathways that viruses use to reproduce
- Allows phagocytic cells to destroy them
• IFRs can also activate macrophages and NK cells
- These can kill cells if IFNs don’t completely prevent them from being infected
Complement System Mechanism I (Classic)
- 1. Antibodies bind to pathogens
• Occurs after the marker identifies it as foreign
• Antibodies activate the nonspecific defenses
- 2. Complement proteins bind to the antibody-pathogen complexes
• Complement fixation
• More than 20 inactive, complement proteins are in the blood stream
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Thursday, March 8, 2018
3
- Binding will activate them
• Each will have a series of reactions to accomplish this
- 3. Lysis, phagocytosis, and inflammation result
• The complement protein that gets bound determines how the pathogen will get
killed
Complement System Mechanism II (Alternative)
- 1. Complement proteins bind directly to markers on the surface of a foreign cell (no
antibodies needed)
• They bind to polysaccharides
- 2. Lysis, phagocytosis, and inflammation result
Fever Mechanism
- Leukocytes and macrophages exposed to pathogens secrete pyrogens.
• Perforin: chemicals that are lytic and will perforate the plasma membrane and
nuclear membrane
• Pyrogen-circulate through the bloodstream and will eventually land at the
hypothalamus
- The hypothalamus will reset its temp from 37 C and heat up
• pyro-fire
- Pyrogens cause hypothalamus to raise body temperature.
• Increase in body temp:
- Reduces the amount of iron and zine available in the blood
find more resources at oneclass.com
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Document Summary
Biol 2230: anatomy ii, test 3 (lecture 13, immune. Injured cells release leukocytosis-inducing factors: damaged site releases leukocytosis-inducing factors (lif) Leukocytosis-production of white blood cells: chemical that signals hemocytoblasts to go through leukocytosis. Causes neutrophil release by red bone marrow: neutrophil concentration will increase and they become phagocytic. Loss of fluids slows blood flow locally: blood vessels dilate and lose fluid, blood flow will slow down as a result. Due to slower blood flow at the inflammation site, neutrophils can accumulate. Inflammation will cause selectin to be secreted by endothelial blood vessel cells. Inflammation causes production of selections on endothelial cells. Margination occurs: neutrophils will be help close to the endothelium of the blood vessel cell wall by selectin. Neutrophils escape the capillaries: done through diapedesis. Monocytes become macrophages after leaving capillaries: monocyte vs. macrophage. Outside of a capillary: macrophage: this occurs because the monocyte will accumulate a lot of enzymes.
