ECON-200 Lecture Notes - Lecture 18: Money Creation, Commodity Money, Inflation Targeting

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turquoiseturtle299

9 Sep 2020

School

Diablo Valley College

Department

Economics

Course

ECON-200

Professor

Sorce

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Document Summary

The money multiplier is the amount of money the banking system generates with each dollarof reserves. M= 1/0. 1 + io higher ratio = smaller m. The money multiplier is the reciprocal of the reserve ratio: m=1/r. The capital is the owners" equity (part of their funding raised by issuing shares) Left has to always be equal to right when doing the t bar. When capital < 0 banks become insolvent unless banks get bailed out by the government. Leverage ratio tells us about exposure to risk. 24% in the value of assets (=120/500 = 24%) decrease equity by 120% (=5 x 24%) leverage ratio = banks become insolvent. The rba serves as the nation"s central bank since 1959. The formulation and administration of monetary policy. what is it: full employment, price stability. The rba board is responsible for the bank"s monetary and banking policy.

Related Questions

QUESTION 31

The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System is

		composed of seven members who are appointed by the President and approved by the Senate.
		composed of 12 members of the Senate and the U.S. House of Representatives.
		elected by the general public.
		composed of representatives from the country's 12 largest commercial banks.

1.11 points

QUESTION 32

The Fed is said to be the "lender of last resort" in that

		it charges a higher interest rate to borrowers than does any other bank.
		it functions as the government's bank only when commercial banks fail to do so.
		it makes loans to individuals whom commercial banks do not believe are credit-worthy.
		it stands ready to lend to any depository institution that it has decided should not fail.

1.11 points

QUESTION 33

The Federal Reserve System acts as the government's fiscal agent by

		providing checking account services for the government.
		preparing the budget the President presents to Congress every year.
		determining how to finance a deficit.
		auditing taxpayers.

1.11 points

QUESTION 34

The Federal Reserve System was established in which year?

		1913.
		1929.
		1865.
		1941.

1.11 points

QUESTION 35

By serving as the lender of last resort,

		the Fed provides check clearing services.
		the Fed aids in the sale of government securities.
		the Fed supervises depository institutions.
		the Fed can prevent bank failures.

1.11 points

QUESTION 36

Depository institutions must

		use and pay for the services of the Federal Reserve System.
		set their interest rates according to schedules established by the Federal Reserve System.
		keep a certain percentage of their deposits as reserves.
		turn over a percentage of their profits to the Federal Reserve System as payment for services provided by the Fed.

1.11 points

QUESTION 37

The Federal Reserve System has

		50 district banks.
		24 district banks.
		12 district banks.
		7 district banks.

1.11 points

QUESTION 38

The part of the Federal Reserve System (the Fed) that holds the reserve balances of depository institutions is

		the Board of Governors.
		the Federal Advisory Committee.
		the Federal Open Market Committee.
		the Federal Reserve district banks.

1.11 points

QUESTION 39

The potential for a financial breakdown at one financial institution to spread throughout the financial system is known as a

		systemic risk.
		liquidity risk.
		lending risk.
		moral hazard.

1.11 points

QUESTION 40

A system in which depository institutions hold reserves that are less than the amount of total deposits is called

		fiat money banking.
		required reserve banking.
		fractional reserve banking.
		central banking system.

1.11 points

QUESTION 41

Total reserves of private banks are

		all customer deposits.
		the minimum amount banks need to hold against time deposits.
		federal reserve notes.
		deposits held at the Fed and vault cash.

1.11 points

QUESTION 42

A statement of assets and liabilities of any business entity is called

		a cash flow statement.
		an income statement.
		a balance sheet.
		a statement of net worth.

1.11 points

QUESTION 43

Which of the following actions has no effect on the total money supply?

		The Federal Open Market Committee buys government securities.
		There is a transfer of deposits from one bank to another bank.
		There is change in the money multiplier.
		The Federal Open Market Committee sells government securities.

1.11 points

QUESTION 44

Given a required reserve ratio of 20 percent, a commercial bank that has received a new deposit of $100 can make additional loans of

		$80.
		$0.
		$400.
		$20.

1.11 points

QUESTION 45

The Federal Open Market Committee has responsibility for

		appointing members to the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve system.
		issuing orders to buy or sell government securities for the Fed.
		advising the Treasury Department on monetary policy.
		printing money.

indigobutterfly708

TRUE / FALSE

1. True False In the aggregate expenditures model presented in the textbook,

investment is assumed to rise with increases in real GDP and fall with decreases in real GDP.

2. True False When C + I_g = GDP in a private closed economy, S = I_g and there are no unplanned changes in inventories.

3. True False The risk-free interest rate is the rate on long-term U.S. government bonds.

4. True False Bond prices and interest rates are directly or positively related.

5. True False The public debt is the accumulation of all deficits and surpluses that have occurred through time.

6. True False The M₂ money supply may be larger or smaller than the M₁ money supply depending on the size of small-denominated time deposit balances and Money Market Mutual Fund balances held by individuals.

7. True False Excess reserves are the amount by which required reserves exceed actual reserves.

8. True False The public debt is held as Treasury bills, Treasury notes, Treasury bonds, and U.S. savings bonds.

9. True False The equilibrium price level and equilibrium level of real GDP occur at the intersection of the aggregate demand curve and the aggregate supply curve.

10. True False Investment is highly stable; it increases over time at a very steady rate.

MULTIPLE CHOICE

11. A recessionary expenditure gap is:

A. the amount by which the full-employment GDP exceeds the level of aggregate expenditures.

B. the amount by which equilibrium GDP falls short of the full-employment GDP.

C. the amount by which investment exceeds saving at the full-employment GDP.

D. the amount by which aggregate expenditures exceed the full-employment level of GDP.

12. The multiplier effect indicates that:

A. a decline in the interest rate will cause a proportionately larger increase in investment.

B. a change in spending will change aggregate income by a larger amount.

C. a change in spending will increase aggregate income by the same amount.

D. an increase in total income will generate a larger change in aggregate expenditures.

13. Which one of the following is true about the U.S. Federal Reserve System?

There are 12 regional Federal Reserve Banks.

B. The head of the U.S. Treasury also chairs the Federal Reserve Board.

C. There are 14 members of the Federal Reserve Board.

D. The Open Market Committee is smaller in size than the Federal Reserve Board.

14. If the nominal interest rate is 18 percent and the real interest rate is 6 percent, the inflation rate is:

A. 18 percent.

B. 24 percent.

C. 12 percent.

D. 6 percent.

15.

Refer to the above diagram for a private closed economy. The equilibrium level of GDP is:

A. $400.

B. $300.

C. $200.

D. $100.

16. Which of the following represents the most expansionary fiscal policy?

A. a $10 billion tax cut

B. a $10 billion increase in government spending

C. a $10 billion tax increase

D. a $10 billion decrease in government spending

17.

Refer to the above table. The economy shown is a:

A. private economy.

B. private open economy.

C. mixed closed economy.

D. mixed open economy.

18. Currency held in the vault of First National Bank is:

A. counted as part of M₁.

B. counted as part of M₂, but not M₁.

C. only counted as part of M₁ if it was deposited into a checking account.

D. not counted as part of the money supply.

19. If the dollar appreciates relative to foreign currencies, we would expect:

A. the multiplier to decrease.

B. the country's exports and imports to both fall.

C. the country's net exports to rise.

D. the country's net exports to fall.

20. The most important determinant of consumption and saving is the:

A. level of bank credit.

B. level of income.

C. interest rate.

D. price level.

21. The multiple by which the commercial banking system can increase the supply of money on the basis of each dollar of excess reserves is equal to:

A. the reciprocal of the required reserve ratio.

B. 1 minus the required reserve ratio.

C. the reciprocal of the income velocity of money.

D. 1/MPS.

22. Which one of the following would not shift the aggregate demand curve?

A. a change in the price level

B. depreciation of the international value of the dollar

C. a decline in the interest rate at each possible price level

D. an increase in personal income tax rate

23. The cyclically-adjusted budget tells us:

A. that in a full-employment economy the Federal budget should be in balance.

B. that tax revenues should vary inversely with GDP.

C. what the size of the Federal budget deficit or surplus would be if the economy was at full

employment.

D. the actual budget deficit or surplus realized in any given year.

24. The aggregate supply curve:

A. is explained by the interest rate, real-balances, and foreign purchases effects.

B. gets steeper as the economy moves from the top of the curve to the bottom of the curve.

C. shows the various amounts of real output that businesses will produce at each price level.

D. is downsloping because real purchasing power increases as the price level falls.

25.

Refer to the above diagram. If the equilibrium price level is P₁, then:

A. aggregate demand is AD₂.

B. the equilibrium output level is Q₃.

C. the equilibrium output level is Q₂.

D. producers will supply output level Q₁

26. Discretionary fiscal policy refers to:

A. any change in government spending or taxes that destabilizes the economy.

B. the authority that the President has to change personal income tax rates.

C. intentional changes in taxes and government expenditures made by Congress to stabilize the economy.

D. the changes in taxes and transfers that occur as GDP changes.

27.

Refer to the above diagram. Which tax system has the most built-in stability?

A. T₄

B. T₃

C. T₂

D. T₁

28.

Refer to the given graph. A shift of the consumption schedule from C₁ to C₂ might be caused by a(n):

A.	recession.

B.	wealth effect of an increase in stock market prices.

C.	increase in income tax rates.

D.	increase in saving.

29. When a bank loan is repaid the supply of money:

A. is constant, but its composition will have changed.

B. is decreased.

C. is increased.

D. may either increase or decrease.

30. The Federal budget deficit is found by:

A. subtracting government tax revenues plus government borrowing from government spending in a particular year.

B. subtracting government tax revenues from government spending in a particular year.

C. cumulating the differences between government spending and tax revenues over all years since the nation's founding.

D. subtracting government revenues from the noninvestment-type government spending in a particular year.

31.

Refer to the above information. Money supply M₁ for this economy is:

A. $ 60.

B. $ 70.

C. $ 130.

D. $ 140.

32. Which of the following statements is true as a result of Federal Reserve efforts to rescue the financial industry from the financial crisis of 2007 and 2008?

From February 2008, to May 2009, the Fed oversaw the consolidation of 20 major financial institutions into fewer than a dozen.

B. From March 2008, to February 2009, the Fed experienced a 50 percent decline in the value of assets held.

C. From February 2008, to March 2009, Fed assets more than doubled to nearly $2 trillion.

D. From February 2008, to March 2009, Fed lending caused the U.S. public debt to rise by over $1 trillion.

33. Which of the following is the basic economic policy function of the Federal Reserve Banks?

holding the deposits or reserves of commercial banks

B. acting as fiscal agents for the Federal government

C. controlling the supply of money

D. the collection or clearing of checks among commercial banks

34. In a fractional reserve banking system:

A. bank panics cannot occur.

B. the monetary system must be backed by gold.

C. banks can create money through the lending process.

D. the Federal Reserve has no control over the amount of money in circulation.

35.

Refer to the diagram that applies to a private closed economy. The APC is equal to 1 at income level:

36. Assume the Continental National Bank's balance statement is as follows:

Assuming a legal reserve ratio of 20 percent, how much in excess reserves would this bank have after a check for $10,000 was drawn and cleared against it?

A. $ 3,000

B. $ 24,000

C. $ 6,000

D. $ 16,000

37. Answer the question on the basis of the following table for a commercial bank or thrift:

Refer to the above table. When the legal reserve ratio is 25 percent, the excess reserves of this single bank are:

A. $0.

B. $1,000.

C. $5,000.

D. $30,000.

38. Which of the following is a tool of monetary policy?

A. open market operations

B. changes in banking laws

C. changes in tax rates

D. changes in government spending

39. An increase in nominal GDP increases the demand for money because:

A. interest rates will rise.

B. more money is needed to finance a larger volume of transactions.

C. bond prices will fall.

D. the opportunity cost of holding money will decline.

40. Answer the next question on the basis of the following table:

At equilibrium in the above market for money, the total amount of money demanded is:

A. $500.

B. $480.

C. $460.

D. $440.

41. For most financial assets investors must be compensated for:

A. non-diversifiable and diversifiable risk.

B. diversifiable risk and time preference.

C. non-diversifiable risk and time preference.

D. non-diversifiable and diversifiable risk, and time preference.

42. Reserves must be deposited in the Federal Reserve Banks by:

A. only commercial banks which are members of the Federal Reserve System.

B. all depository institutions, that is, all commercial banks and thrift institutions.

C. state chartered commercial banks only.

D. federally chartered commercial banks only.

43.

Refer to the diagrams. Assuming a constant price level, an increase in aggregate expenditures from AE₁to AE₂ would:

A.	move the economy from A to C along AD₁.

B.	move the economy from C to A along AD₁.

C.	increase aggregate demand from AD₁ to AD₂.

D.	decrease aggregate demand from AD₂ to AD₁.

44. The discount rate is the interest:

A. rate at which the central banks lend to the U.S. Treasury.

B. rate at which the Federal Reserve Banks lend to commercial banks.

C. yield on long-term government bonds.

D. rate at which commercial banks lend to the public.

45. What concept describes how quickly an investment increases in value when interest is paid not only on the original amount invested, but also on the accumulated interest payments?

A. present value

B. future value

C. compound interest

D. real rate of interest

46. The aggregate demand curve:

A. is upsloping because a higher price level is necessary to make production profitable as production costs rise.

B. is downsloping because production costs decline as real output increases.

C. shows the amount of expenditures required to induce the production of each possible level of real output.

D. shows the amount of real output that will be purchased at each possible price level.

47. The Security Market Line depicts the relationship between the:

A. average expected rate of return on stocks and the average expected rate of return on bonds.

B. average expected rate of return of a financial asset and the discount rate.

C. risk level of a financial asset and the prime interest rate.

D. average expected rate of return and risk level of a financial asset.

48. Arbitrage causes all financial assets:

A. of the same risk level to have the same price.

B. to have the same expected rate of return.

C. to have the same beta.

D. of the same risk level to have the same average expected rate of return.

49.

Refer to the diagrams. The numbers in parentheses after the AD₁, AD₂, and AD₃ labels indicate the levels of investment spending associated with each curve. All figures are in billions. If the money supply is MS₁ and the goal of the monetary authorities is full-employment output Q_f, they should:

A.	increase the money supply from $80 to $100.

B.	increase the money supply from $80 to $120.

C.	maintain the money supply at $80.

D.	decrease the money supply from $80 to $60.

50. Given the expected rate of return on all possible investment opportunities in the economy:

A. an increase in the real rate of interest will reduce the level of investment.

B. a decrease in the real rate of interest will reduce the level of investment.

C. a change in the real interest rate will have no impact on the level of investment.

D. an increase in the real interest rate will increase the level of investment.

END OF THE EXAM

1. Is opportunity cost always present?

2. What is the problem at the heart of economics?

3. What is included in GDP and what is excluded?

4. If the consumer price index increases, how does this impact the average citizen?

5. What is the business cycle?

6. What is the relationship among the potential output level of the economy, the natural rate of unemployment, cyclical unemployment, structural unemployment, and frictional unemployment?

7. What did Keynesians believe about investment and the adjustment of wage rates?

8. What did pre-Keynesian believe about the market and its ability to pull itself out of a recession?

9. What role do investments in human capital, physical capital, technology development, and improving institutional quality play in creating economic growth?

10. How does a fractional reserve banking system work and what is the relationship between the money multiplier and the reserve requirement?

Wh What is fiscal policy?

12. What are the relations between government spending, the marginal propensity to consume, the marginal propensity to save, and the multiplier effect?

13. What are some of the problems with using fiscal policy in an effective manner?

14. What role did the Great Depression play in changing the government%u2019s approach to the economy?

15. What is stagflation and how did it challenge Keynesian orthodoxy?

16. What is supply side economics and how does it function?

17. What is the crowding out effect?

18. What is the new classical approach to the stimulatory impact of fiscal policy implemented through deficit spending?

19. What role does the department of the Treasury play in the American economy?

20. What role does the Federal Reserve Banking system play in managing the American policy?

21. What are the tools that the Fed uses to influence the money supply?

22. What approach to the money supply do those embracing monetarism suggest?

23. What dangers does monetary policy pose for the economy?

24. How do shifting price levels impact debtors and savers?

25. Can you use aggregate demand/ aggregate supply analysis to understand and explain the impact of a tax cut?

26. Can you use aggregate demand/ aggregate supply analysis to understand and explain the impact of a tax increase?

27. Can you use aggregate demand/aggregate supply analysis to understand and explain the impact of an increase in government spending?

28. Can you use aggregate demand/aggregate supply analysis to understand and explain the impact of a cut in government spending?

29. Can you use aggregate demand/aggregate supply analysis to understand and explain the impact of an expansionary monetary policy?

30. Can you use aggregate demand/ aggregate supply analysis to understand and explain the impact of a restrictive monetary policy?

31. How do automatic stabilizers influence the economy?

32. How does a deficit and large debt influence the economy?

33. What is the relationship between the expansion of the money supply and inflation?

34. What is the relationship between interest rates and inflation rates?

35. How do expectations impact the effectiveness of monetary policy?

36. What restricts the ability of the Fed to purchase U.S. securities?

37. What is Money?

38. What is the primary motivation of bankers and banks?

39. What is the impact of higher interest rates on the value of a currency and a nation%u2019s net exports?

40. What is the Conference Board and what does it do?

41. Why do countries willing lend the U.S. government money despite the relatively large debt to GDP ratio of the United States?

42. How does trade contribute to growth?

43. How do institutions contribute to growth?

44. How does the relative size of government contribute to growth?

45. What is the Philips Curve?

46. How does the rule of 70 work?

47. Do High Income countries always grow at a faster pace than lesser developed countries?

48. How do high levels of inflation effect growth?

49. Can you identify the amount of growth in an economy by using the percentage change formula?

50. What countries are presently experiencing high rates of economic growth?

12.

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ECON-200 Lecture Notes - Lecture 18: Money Creation, Commodity Money, Inflation Targeting

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