OCE 3014 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Radiocarbon Dating, Carbon Cycle, Atomic Orbital

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31 Jul 2018

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2 hydrogen particles and one oxygen molecule; 105 degree edge. What are the significant parts of a molecule? emphatically charged core adversely charged electron cloud. Parts of the core: protons (+) and neutrons (no charge) What are nucleons? protons and neutrons (bc they are found in the core) What makes an iota have a net charge of zero? number of protons measures up to the quantity of orbital electrons. How enormous is a neutron in connection to a proton? mass equivalents the mass of a proton. What does n speak to? protons; nuclear/proton number neutrons; neutron number. Where is z documented for a component? bring down left corner. What holds a core together? powers of nature. Compound image in the center. nuclide, (2500 known) T/f there is just a single nuclide per component. False, there are in excess of one nuclide per component. Contrast the quantity of nuclides with the quantity of components that exist.

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Protons carry an electric charge ofe=1.60x10^-19C,electrons carry charge of -e, and neutronsare electricallyneutral. Protons and neutrons have a mass of1.67x10^-27kg, and electrons havea mass of9.11x10^-31 kg. Auniform electric field can exert a forceon a charged particle thateffectively neutralizes the force ofgravity on the particle,causing it to be "weightless". What is thestrength of the electricfield that will levitate (a) a proton? (b)an electron? (c) analpha particle (two protons and twoneutrons)?

I know the answer to each part will be in N/C. E=F/q. AndIbelieve q=1.60x10^-19C. In order to find the strengthofthe field I need to find the force, F. F=ma from Newton'sSecondLaw. I don't have acceleration, so I was wondering how do Ifindacceleration for this specific problem?

A nuclear reaction is represented by an equation similar to theequation for a chemical reaction. An example of a nuclear reactionis the decay of radium into radon by the emission of an alphaparticle (a helium nucleus). The equation for this reactionis

^{226}_{\ 88}{\rm Ra}\; \rightarrow \, ^{222}_{\ 86}{\rmRn}+\;^4_2{\rm He}.

The superscript preceding each element indicates the nucleon numberof that particular nucleus (total number of protons and neutrons).The subscript indicates the charge of the nucleus, which is equalto the atomic number for nuclei. Nuclear reactions frequentlyinvolve electrons (sometimes called beta rays) and photons(sometimes called gamma rays). Electrons, which have nucleon number0 and charge -1, are represented in equations as either ^{\ \;0}_{-1}\beta or ^{\ \; 0}_{-1}{\rm e}. Photons are represented as^{0}_{0}\gamma to emphasize that they have no nucleon number andcarry no charge.

In nuclear reactions, several conservation laws are usuallysufficient to determine the products or reactants. One of these isconservation of nucleon number. The total number of neutrons andprotons in all of the reactants must be the same as the totalnumber of protons and neutrons in the products. Although protonsand neutrons sometimes change into one another, neither can simplydisappear. Another important conservation law is conservation ofcharge. The net charge of the reactants must be the same as that ofthe products.

Notice that, in our equation for the decay of radium, the sum ofthe nucleon numbers on each side is 226 and the sum of the chargeson each side is 88. If you knew everything in this equation exceptthe isotope of radon produced, you could simply subtract 4 from 226to find the nucleon number required to make the nucleon number ofthe products equal the nucleon number of the reactants. Similarly,if you knew everything in this equation except for the identity ofthe product element, you could simply subtract 2 from 88 and thenlook in a periodic table to find that the element with atomicnumber 86 is radon.

In parts A and B consider the decay of radon by alpha particleemission:

^{222}_{\ 86}{\rm Rn}\;\rightarrow\;X +\,^{4}_{2}{\rm He}.

a. What is the nucleon number of the element X?
Express your answer as an integer.

b. What is the atomic number (nuclear charge) of the elementX?
Express your answer as an integer.

n parts C and D consider the decay of Potassium-43 into calcium-43via the following reaction:

^{43}_{19}{\rm K} \rightarrow ^{43}_{20}{\rm Ca}+\,X.

c. What is the charge of the emitted particle X?
d. is not visible yet

E. An isotope of potassium with a half-life of roughly one billionyears is often used in radioactive dating. This isotope decaysthrough electron capture, the process of drawing an electron intothe nucleus. What is the chemical symbol for the element thatresults from this process? The equation for the reaction is

^{40}_{19}{\rm K}+\,^{\ \;0}_{-1}{\rm e}\rightarrow \,?.
Express your answer as a chemical symbol (e.g., Na forsodium).

f. The reaction energy of a reaction is the amount of energyreleased by the reaction. It is found by determining the differencein mass between the reactants and products and then using E=mc^2 toconvert the lost mass into the released energy.

Look again at the equation for the decay of radium (Ra), given inthe introduction. Use the following table of masses to determinethe reaction energy of this reaction.
Nucleus or particle Mass in atomic mass units
radium-226 226.025402
radon-222 222.017571
alpha particle 4.002602
Express your answer in joules to three significant figures.

please answer fully... thank you

OCE 3014 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Radiocarbon Dating, Carbon Cycle, Atomic Orbital

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