Economics 1776 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Natural Philosophy, Distillation, Wild Beasts
18 Jun 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Took$written$notes
Paper$Notes:
The$root$of$evil,$avarice,
That$damned$ill-natured$baneful$vice,
Was$slave$to$prodigality,
That$noble$sin;$whilst$luxury
Employed$a$million$of$the$poor,
And$odious$pride$a$million$more:
Envy$itself,$and$vanity,
Were$ministers$of$industry;
Their$darling$folly,$fickleness,
In$diet,$furniture$and$dress,
That$strange$ridiculous$vice,$was$made
The$very$wheel$that$turned$the$trade.
Their$laws$and$clothes$were$equally
Objects$of$mutability;
For$what$was$well$done$for$a$time
In$half$a$year$became$a$crime;
Yet$while$they$altered$thus$their$laws,
Still$finding$and$correcting$flaws,
they$mended$by$inconstancy
Faults$which$no$prudence$could$foresee.
Thus$vice$nursed$ingenuity
Which,$joined$with$time$and$industry,
Had$carried$life's$conveniencies,
Its$real$pleasures,$comforts,$ease,
To$such$a$height,$the$very$poor
Lived$better$than$the$rich$before,
And$nothing$could$be$added$more.
From$F:
The$same$may$be$said$not$only$of$Card$and$Dice-makers,$that$are$the$immediate$
Ministers$to$a$Legion$of$Vices;$but aof$Mercers,$Upholsterers,$Tailors,$and$many$
others,$that$would$be$starv’d$in$half$a$Year’s$time,$if Pride and Luxury were$at$once$
to$be$banished$the$Nation.
From$G:
But$if$we$would$set$in$a$true$Light$the$many$Advantages,$and$large$Catalogue$of$solid$
Blessings$that$accrue$from,$and$are$owing$to$the$Evil$I$treat$of,$we$are$to$consider$the$
Rents$that$are$received,$the$Ground$that$is$till’d,$the$Tools$that$are$made,$the$Cattle$
that$are$employ’d,$and$above$all,$the$Multitude$of$Poor$that$are$maintain’d,$by$the$
Variety$of$La-[90]bour,$requiredain$Husbandry,$in$Malting,$in$Carriage$
and [92] Distillation,$before$we$can$have$the aProduct$of$Malt,$which$we$call Low
Wines, and$is$but$the$Beginning$from$which$the$various$Spirits$are$afterwards$to$be$
made.
Not$a$quote$-- but,$even$vices$that$could$be$harmful/detrimental$toward$society$like$
alcohol,$have$economic$benefits
!"#
Philosophers$have,$of$late$years,$considered$chiefly$the$tendency$of$affections,$and$
have$given$little$attention$to$the$relation$which$they$stand$in$to$the$cause$which$
excites$them.$In$common$life,$however,$when$we$judge$of$any$person's$conduct,$and$
of$the$sentiments$which$directed$it,$we$constantly$consider$them$under$both$these$
aspects.$When$we$blame$in$another$man$the$excesses$of$love,$of$grief,$of$resentment,$
we$not$only$consider$the$ruinous$effects$which$they$tend$to$produce,$but$the$little$
occasion$which$was$given$for$them.$(18)
And$hence$it$is,$that$to$feel$much$for$others$and$little$for$our:selves,$that$to$restrain$
our$selfish,$and$to$indulge$our$benevolent$affections,$constitutes$the$perfection$of$
human$nature;$and$can$alone$produce$among$mankind$that$harmony$of$sentiments$
and$passions$in$which$consists$their$whole$grace$and$propriety.$As$to$love$our$
neighbour$as$we$love$ourselves$is$the$great$law$of$Christianity,$so$it$is$the$great$
precept$of$nature$to$love$ourselves$only$as$we$love$our$neighbour,$or$what$comes$to$
the$same$thing,$as$our$neighbour$is$capable$of$loving$us.$(25)
The$amiable$virtue$of$humanity$requires,$surely,$a$sensibility,$much$beyond$what$is$
possessed$by$the$rude$vulgar$of$mankind.$The$great$and$exalted$ virtue$of$
magnanimity$undoubtedly$demands$much$more$than$that$degree$of$self-command,$
which$the$weakest$of$mortals$is$capable$of$exerting.$As$in$the$common$degree$of$the$
inteiJectual$qualities,$there$is$no$abilities;$ so$in$the$common$degree$of$the$moral,$
there$is$no$virtue.$Virtue$is$excellence,$ something$uncommonly$great$and$beautiful,$
which$rises$far$above$what$is$vulgar$and$ordinary.$The$amiable$virtues$consist$in$that$
degree$of$sensibility$which$surprises$by$its$exquisite$and$unexpected$delicacy$and$
tenderness.$The$awful$and$respectable,$in$that$degree$of$self-command$which$
astonishes$by$its$amazing$superiority$over$the$most$ungovernable$passions$of$human$
nature.$(25)
!$%&%'()*'(+',$()'&%)-%.,*'/'.0+)(1%&/23%'1(44%&%+.%'2%,5%%+'6(&,7%'/+1'8%&%'
-&0-&(%,9:'2%,5%%+',$0)%';7/3(,(%)'/+1'/.,(0+)'5$(.$'1%)%&6%',0'2%'/18(&%1'/+1'
.%3%2&/,%1*'/+1',$0)%'5$(.$')(8-39'1%)%&6%',0'2%'/--&06%1'04<'=-0+'8/+9'
0../)(0+)*',0'/.,'5(,$',$%'80),'-%&4%.,'-&0-&(%,9*'&%;7(&%)'+0'80&%',$/+',$/,'
.0880+'/+1'0&1(+/&9'1%>&%%'04')%+)(2(3(,9'0&')%34.088/+1'5$(.$',$%'80),'
50&,$3%))'04'8/+?(+1'/&%'-0))%),'04*'/+1')08%,(8%)'%6%+',$/,'1%>&%%'()'+0,'
+%.%))/&9<'!$7)*',0'>(6%'/'6%&9'305'(+),/+.%*',0'%/,'5$%+'5%'/&%'$7+>&9*'()'.%&,/(+39*'
7-0+'0&1(+/&9'0../)(0+)*'-%&4%.,39'&(>$,'/+1'-&0-%&*'/+1'./++0,'8())'2%(+>'
/--&06%1'04'/)')7.$'29'%6%&9'2019<'@0,$(+>*'$05%6%&*'.0731'2%'80&%'/2)7&1',$/+',0'
)/9'(,'5/)'6(&,707)<''ABCD
In$cases$of$this$kind,$when$we$are$determining$the$degree$of$blame$or$applause$which$
seems$due$to$any$action,$we$very$frequently$make$use$of$two$different$standards.$The$
first$is$the$idea$of$complete$propriety$and$perfection,$which,$in$those$difficult$
situations,$no$human$conduct$ever$did,$or$ever$can$come$up$to;$and$in$comparison$
with$which$the$actions$of$all$men$must$for$ever$appear$blameable$and$imperfect.$The$
second$is$the$idea$of$that$degree$of$proximity$or$distance$from$this$complete$
perfection,$which$the$actions$of$the$greater$part$of$men$commonly$arrive$at.$
Whatever$goes$beyond$this$degree,$how$far$soever$it$may$be$removed$from$absolute$
perfection,$seems$to$deserve$applause;$and$whatever$falls$short$of$it,$to$deserve$
blame.$(26)
E%+%4(.%+.%*',$%&%40&%*'()'3%))'%))%+,(/3',0',$%'%F(),%+.%'04')0.(%,9',$/+'G7),(.%<'
#0.(%,9'8/9')72)(),*',$07>$'+0,'(+',$%'80),'.0840&,/23%'),/,%*'5(,$07,'2%+%4(.%+.%:'
27,',$%'-&%6/3%+.%'04'(+G7),(.%'87),'7,,%&39'1%),&09'(,<'AHID
E%+%4(.%+.%'()'+/,7&/339'0..7&&(+>'(+'$78/+)*'5$(3%'/'.0+.%-,'04'G7),(.%'()'+0,J'
Though$Nature,$therefore,$exhorts$mankind$to$acts$of$beneficence,$by$the$pleasing$
consciousness$of$deserved$reward,$she$has$not$thought$it$necessary$to$guard$and$
enforce$the$practice$of$it$by$the$terrors$of$merited$punishment$in$case$it$should$be$
neglected.$(86)
K7),(.%*'0+',$%'.0+,&/&9*'()',$%'8/(+'-(33/&',$/,'7-$031)',$%'5$03%'%1(4(.%<'L4'(,'()'
&%806%1*',$%'>&%/,*',$%'(88%+)%'4J/2&(.'04'$78/+')0.(%,9*',$/,'4/2&(.'5$(.$',0'&/()%'
/+1')7--0&,')%%8)'(+',$()'50&31*'(4'L'8/9')/9')0*',0'$/6%'2%%+',$%'-%.73(/&'/+1'
1/&3(+>'./&%'04'@/,7&%*'87),'(+'/'808%+,'.&7823%'(+,0'/,08) […]$Men,$though$
naturally$sympathetic,$feel$so$little$for$another,$with$whom$they$have$no$particular$
connexion,$in$comparison$of$what$they$feel$for$themselves;$the$misery$of$one,$who$is$
merely$their$fellow-creature,$is$of$so$little$ importance$to$them$in$comparison$even$of$
a$small$conveniency$of$their$own;$they$have$it$so$much$in$their$power$to$hurt$him,$and$
may$have$so$many$temptations$to$do$so,$that$if$this$principle$ did$not$stand$up$within$
them$in$his$defence,$and$overawe$them$into$a$respect$for$his$innocence,$they$would,$
like$wild$beasts,$be$at$all$times$ready$to$fly$upon$him;$and$a$man$would$enter$an$
assembly$of$men$as$he$enters$a$den$of$lions.$$(86)
As$society$cannot$subsist$unless$the$laws$of$justice$are$tolerably$observed,$as$no$social$
intercourse$can$take$place$among$men$who$do$not$generally$abstain$from$injuring$one$
another$(87)
MN%'()')%+)(23%',00',$/,'$()'05+'(+,%&%),'()'.0++%.,%1'5(,$',$%'-&0)-%&(,9'04')0.(%,9*'
/+1',$/,',$%'$/--(+%))*'-%&$/-)',$%'-&%)%&6/,(0+'04'$()'%F(),%+.%*'1%-%+1)'7-0+'(,)'
-&%)%&6/,(0+<'=-0+'%6%&9'/..07+,*',$%&%40&%*'$%'$/)'/+'/2$0&&%+.%'/,'5$/,%6%&'./+'
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$(+1%&')0'$/,%1'/+1')0'1&%/1473'/+'%6%+,M'AHHD
L8-/&,(/3'#-%.,/,0&J
"But,$in$order$to$attain$this$satisfaction,$we$must$become$the$impartial$spectators$of$
our$own$character$and$conduct.$We$must$endeavour$to$view$them$with$the$eyes$of$
other$people,$or$as$other$people$are$likely$ to$view$them.$When$seen$in$this$light,$if$
they$appear$to$us$as$we$wish,$we$are$happy$and$contented."$(114)
We$are$pleased,$not$only$with$praise,$but$with$having$done$what$is$praise-worthy$
(115)
P$%+'$%'6(%5)'(,'(+',$%'3(>$,'(+'5$(.$',$%'(8-/&,(/3')-%.,/,0&'50731'6(%5'(,*'$%'
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-3%/)%*'/+1'/+'0&(>(+/3'/6%&)(0+',0'044%+1'$()'2&%,$&%+<'#$%',/7>$,'$(8',0'4%%3'
-3%/)7&%'(+',$%(&'4/607&/23%*'/+1'-/(+'(+',$%(&'7+4/607&/23%'&%>/&1<'#$%'&%+1%&%1'
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ME7,',$()'1%)(&%'04',$%'/--&02/,(0+*'/+1',$()'/6%&)(0+',0',$%'1()/--&02/,(0+'04'$()'
2&%,$&%+*'50731'+0,'/30+%'$/6%'&%+1%&%1'$(8'4(,'40&',$/,')0.(%,9'40&'5$(.$'$%'5/)'
8/1%<'@/,7&%*'/..0&1(+>39*'$/)'%+105%1'$(8*'+0,'0+39'5(,$'/'1%)(&%'04'2%(+>'
/--&06%1'04*'27,'5(,$'/'1%)(&%'04'2%(+>'5$/,'07>$,',0'2%'/--&06%1'04:'0&'04'2%(+>'
5$/,'$%'$(8)%34'/--&06%)'04'(+'0,$%&'8%+<'!$%'4(&),'1%)(&%'.0731'0+39'$/6%'8/1%'
$(8'5()$',0'/--%/&',0'2%'4(,'40&')0.(%,9<'!$%')%.0+1'5/)'+%.%))/&9'(+'0&1%&',0'&%+1%&'
$(8'/+F(07)',0'2%'&%/339'4(,<'!$%'4(&),'.0731'0+39'$/6%'-&08-,%1'$(8',0',$%'
/44%.,/,(0+'04'6(&,7%*'/+1',0',$%'.0+.%/38%+,'04'6(.%<'!$%')%.0+1'5/)'+%.%))/&9'(+'
0&1%&',0'(+)-(&%'$(8'5(,$',$%'&%/3'306%'04'6(&,7%*'/+1'5(,$',$%'&%/3'/2$0&&%+.%'04'
6(.%<'L+'%6%&9'5%33R40&8%1'8(+1',$()')%.0+1'1%)(&%')%%8)',0'2%',$%'),&0+>%),'04',$%'
,50<'L,'()'0+39',$%'5%/?%),'/+1'80),')7-%&4(.(/3'04'8/+?(+1'5$0'./+'2%'87.$'
1%3(>$,%1'5(,$',$/,'-&/()%'5$(.$',$%9',$%8)%36%)'?+05',0'2%'/3,0>%,$%&'7+8%&(,%1M'
AQQID<
His$self·approbation,$in$this$case,$stands$in$need$of$no$confirmation$from$the$
approbation$of$other$men.$It$is$alone$sufficient,$and$he$is$contented$with$it.$This$self-
approbation,$if$not$the$only,$is$at$least$the$principal$object,$about$which$he$can$or$
ought$to$be$anxious.$The$love$of$it,$is$the$love$of$virtue.$(117)
"We$dread$the$thought$of$doing$$any$thing$which$can$render$us$the$just$and$proper$
objects$of$the$hatred$and$contempt$of$our$fellow-creatures"$(117-118)$-- included$in$
beneficence$is$the$innate$fear$of$engaging$in$behavior$that$could$result$in$being$hated$
or$disapproved$of
To$persons$in$such$unfortunate$circumstances,$that$humble$philosophy$which$
confines$its$views$to$this$life,$can$afford,$perhaps,$but$little$consolation.$Every$thing$
that$could$render$either$life$or$death$respectable$is$taken$from$them.$They$are$
condemned$to$death$and$to$everlasting$infamy.$Religion$can$alone$afford$them$any$
effectual$comfort.$She$alone$can$tell$them,$that$it$is$of$little$ importance$what$man$
may$think$of$their$conduct,$while$the$all-seeing$Judge$of$the$world$approves$of$it.$She$
alone$can$present$to$them$the$view$of$another$world;$a$world$of$more$candour,$
humanity,$and$justice,$than$the$present;$where$their$innocence$is$in$due$time$to$be$
declared,$and$their$virtue$to$be$finally$rewarded:$and$the$same$great$principle$which$
can$alone$strike$terror$into$triumphant$vice,$affords$the$only$effectual$consolation$to$
disgraced$and$insulted$innocence.$(120-121)
As$he$grows$up.$he$soon$learns$that$some$care$and$foresight$are$necessary$for$
providing$the$means$of$gratifying$those$natural$appetites,$of$procuring$pleasure$
and$avoiding$pain
•
"THE$preservation$and$healthful$state$of$the$body$seem$to$be$the$objects$which$
Nature$first$recommends$to$the$care$of$every$individual$[…]$The$first$lessons$which$he$
is$taught$by$those$to$whom$his$childhood$is$entrusted,$tend,$the$greater$part$of$them,$
to$the$same$purpose.$Their$principal$object$is$to$teach$him$how$to$keep$out$of$harm's$
way"$(212)
E%+%4(.%+.%'%F(),(+>'+/,7&/339'(+'+/,7&%*'5$(3%'6(.%'./7)%1'29'6/+(,9'./+'
(8-%1%'0+',$()'A89'50&1)D
•
"We$suffer$more,$it$has$already$been$observed,$1$when$we$fall$from$a$better$to$
a$worse$situation,$than$we$ever$enjoy$when$we$rise$from$a$worse$to$a$better."$
(213)
•
"Security,$therefore,$is$the$first$and$the$principal$object$of$prudence.$It$is$averse$
to$expose$our$health,$our$fortune,$our$rank,$or$reputation,$to$any$sort$of$
hazard."
•
"The$desire$of$becoming$the$proper$objects$of$this$respect,$of$deserving$and$obtaining$
this$credit$and$rank$among$our$equals,$is,$perhaps,$the$strongest$of$all$our$desires,$and$
our$anxiety$to$obtain$the$advantages$of$fortune$is$accordingly$much$more$excited$and$
irritated$by$this$desire,$than$by$that$of$supplying$all$the$necessities$and$
cconvenienciesc$of$the$body,$which$are$always$very$easily$supplied"$(213)
Prudence$[…]$is$regarded$as$a$most$respectable$and$even,$in$some$degree,$as$an$
amiable$and$agreeable$quality,$yet$it$never$is$considered$as$one,$either$of$the$most$
endearing,$or$of$the$most$ennobling$of$the$virtues$(216)
MP()%'/+1'G71(.(07)'.0+17.,*'5$%+'1(&%.,%1',0'>&%/,%&'/+1'+023%&'-7&-0)%)',$/+'
,$%'./&%'04',$%'$%/3,$*',$%'40&,7+%*',$%'&/+?'/+1'&%-7,/,(0+'04',$%'(+1(6(17/3*'()'
4&%;7%+,39'/+1'6%&9'-&0-%&39'./33%1'-&71%+.%<'P%',/3?'04',$%'-&71%+.%'04',$%'>&%/,'
>%+%&/3*'04',$%'>&%/,'),/,%)8/+*'04',$%'>&%/,'3%>()3/,0&<'S&71%+.%'()*'(+'/33',$%)%'
./)%)*'.082(+%1'5(,$'8/+9'>&%/,%&'/+1'80&%')-3%+1(1'6(&,7%)*'5(,$'6/307&*'5(,$'
%F,%+)(6%'/+1'),&0+>'2%+%603%+.%*'5(,$'/')/.&%1'&%>/&1',0',$%'&73%)'04'G7),(.%*'/+1'
/33',$%)%')7--0&,%1'29'/'-&0-%&'1%>&%%'04')%34R.088/+1<'!$()')7-%&(0&'-&71%+.%*'
5$%+'./&&(%1',0',$%'$(>$%),'1%>&%%'04'-%&4%.,(0+*'+%.%))/&(39')7--0)%)',$%'/&,*',$%'
,/3%+,*'/+1',$%'$/2(,'0&'1()-0)(,(0+'04'/.,(+>'5(,$',$%'80),'-%&4%.,'-&0-&(%,9'(+'
%6%&9'-0))(23%'.(&.78),/+.%'/+1')(,7/,(0+M'ABQIDM'
"Mere$imprudence$[…]$When$combined$with$other$vices$[…]$aggravates$in$the$highest$
degree$the$infamy$and$disgrace$which$would$otherwise$attend$them.$The$artful$knave,$
whose$dexterity$and$address$exempt$him,$though$not$from$strong$suspicions,$yet$
from$punishment$or$distinct$detection,$is$too$often$received$in$the$world$with$an$
indulgence$which$he$by$no$means$deserves"$(216)
MT)'-&71%+.%'.082(+%1'5(,$'0,$%&'6(&,7%)*'.0+),(,7,%)',$%'+023%),:')0'(8-&71%+.%'
.082(+%1'5(,$'0,$U&'6(.%)*'.0+),(,7,%)',$%'6(3%),'04'/33'.$/&/.,%&)'ABQVDM
"This$universal$benevolence,$how$noble$and$generous$soeve.r,$can$be$the$source$of$no$
solid$happiness$to$any$man$who$:is$not$thoroughly$convinced$that$all$the$inhabitants$
of$the$universe,$the$meanest$as$well$as$the$greatest,$are$under$the$immediate$care$
and$protection$of$that$great,$benevolent,$and$all~wise$Being,$who$directs$all$the$
movements$of$nature;$and$who$is$determined,$by$his$own$unalterable$perfections,$to$
maintain$in$it,$at$all$times,$the$greatest$possible$quantity$of$happiness."
M!$%'5()%'/+1'6(&,707)'8/+'()'/,'/33',(8%)'5(33(+>',$/,'$()'05+'-&(6/,%'(+,%&%),'
)$0731'2%')/.&(4(.%1',0',$%'-723(.'(+,%&%),'04'$()'05+'-/&,(.73/&'0&1%&'0&')0.(%,9.$He$
is$at$all$times$willing,$too,$that$the$interest$of$this$order$or$society$should$be$sacrificed$
to$the$greater$interest$of$the$state$or$sovereignty,$of$which$it$is$only$a$subordinate$
part.$He$should,$therefore,$be$equally$willing$that$all$those$inferior$interests$should$be$
sacrificed$to$the$greater$interest$of$the$universe,$to$the$interest$of$that$great$society$
of$all$sensible$and$intclligent$beings,$of$which$God$himself$is$the$immediate$
administrator$and$director"$(235)
M!$%'/18(+(),&/,(0+'04',$%'>&%/,')9),%8'04',$%'7+(6%&)%*'W$05%6%&*',$%'./&%'04',$%'
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+0,'04'8/+<'!0'8/+'()'/330,,%1'/'87.$'$7823%&'1%-/&,8%+,*'27,'0+%'87.$'80&%'
)7(,/23%',0',$%'5%/?+%))'04'$()'-05%&)*'/+1',0',$%'+/&&05+%))'04'$()'
.08-&%$%+)(0+:',$%'./&%'04'$()'05+'$/--(+%))*'04',$/,'04'$()'4/8(39*'$()'4&(%+1)*'$()'
.033+,&9J',$/,'$%'()'0..7-(%1'(+'.0+,%8-3/,(+>',$%'80&%')723(8%*'./+'+%6%&'2%'/+'
%F.7)%'40&'$()'+%>3%.,(+>',$%'80&%'$7823%'1%-/&,8%+,M'ABYVD<
!NZ')9),%8'5$(.$'8/?%)'6(&,7%'.0+)(),'(+'2%+%603%+.% […]$seems$to$have$been$the$
doctrine$of$the$greater$part$of$those$philosophers$who,$about$and$after$the$age$of$
Augustus,$called$themselves$Eclectics,$who$pretended$to$follow$chiefly$the$opinions$of$
Plato$and$Pythagoras,$and$who$upon$that$account$are$.0880+39'?+05+'29',$%'+/8%'
04',$%'3/,%&'S3/,0+(),)<'AY[[D
This$system,$as$it$was$much$esteemed$by$many$ancient$fathers$of$the$Christian$
church$(301)
•
!$/,'6(&,7%'.0+)(),)'(+'2%+%603%+.%'()'/'+0,(0+')7--0&,%1'29'8/+9'
/--%/&/+.%)'(+'$78/+'+/,7&%<'L,'$/)'2%%+'02)%&6%1'/3&%/19*',$/,'-&0-%&'
2%+%603%+.%'()',$%'80),'>&/.%473'/+1'/>&%%/23%'04'/33',$%'/44%.,(0+)*',$/,'(,'()'
&%.088%+1%1',0'7)'29'/'10723%')98-/,$9*',$/,'/)'(,)',%+1%+.9'()'+%.%))/&(39'
2%+%4(.%+,*'(,'()',$%'-&0-%&'02G%.,'04'>&/,(,71%'/+1'&%5/&1*'/+1',$/,'7-0+'/33'
,$%)%'/..07+,)'(,'/--%/&)',0'07&'+/,7&/3')%+,(8%+,)',0'-0))%))'/'8%&(,'
)7-%&(0&',0'/+9'0,$%&'AY[QD
•
M#(+.%*',$%&%40&%*',$%'8(F,7&%'04'/+9')%34()$'80,(6%*'3(?%',$/,'04'/'2/)%&'/3309*'
1(8(+()$%1'0&',00?'/5/9'/3,0>%,$%&',$%'8%&(,'5$(.$'50731'0,$%&5()%'$/6%'
2%30+>%1',0'/+9'/.,(0+*'(,'5/)'%6(1%+,*'$%'(8/>(+%1',$/,'6(&,7%'87),'.0+)(),'(+'
-7&%'/+1'1()(+,%&%),%1'2%+%603%+.%'/30+%<'MAY[BD
•
P$%+',$0)%'/.,(0+)*'0+',$%'.0+,&/&9*'5$(.$'/&%'.0880+39')7--0)%1',0'
-&0.%%1'4&08'/')%34()$'80,(6%*'/&%'1().06%&%1',0'$/6%'/&()%+'4&08'/'
2%+%603%+,'0+%*'(,'>&%/,39'%+$/+.%)'07&')%+)%'04',$%(&'8%&(,<'L4'5%'2%3(%6%1'04'
/+9'-%&)0+',$/,'$%'%+1%/607&%1',0'/16/+.%'$()'40&,7+%'4&08'+0'0,$%&'6(%5'
27,',$/,'04'10(+>'4&(%+139'044(.%)*'/+1'04'8/?(+>'-&0-%&'&%,7&+)',0'$()'
2%+%4/.,0&)*'5%')$0731'0+39'306%'/+1'%),%%8'$(8',$%'80&%<'T+1',$()'
02)%&6/,(0+')%%8%1'),(33'80&%',0'.0+4(&8',$%'.0+.37)(0+* ,$/,'(,'5/)'
2%+%603%+.%'0+39'5$(.$'.0731'),/8-'7-0+'/+9'/.,(0+',$%'.$/&/.,%&'04'6(&,7%<''
AY[BD
•
Since$benevolence,$therefore,$was$the$only$motive$which$could$bestow$upon$
any$action$the$character$of$virtue,$the$greater$the$benevolence$which$was$
evidenced$by$any$action,$the$greater$the$praise$which$must$belong$to$it.$
•
The$most$virtuous$of$aJI$affections,$therefore,$was$that$which$embraced$as$its$
object$the$happiness$of$all$intelligent$beings.$The$le~t$virtuous,$on$the$contrary,$
of$those$to$which$the$character$of$virtue$could$in$any$respect$belong,$was$that$
which$aimed$no$further$than$at$the$happiness$of$an$individ!ual,$such$as$a$son,$a$
brother,$a$friend.$
•
Those$three$systems,$that$which$places$virtue$in$propriety,$that$which$places$it$
in$prudence,$and$that$which$makes$it$consist$in$benevolence,$are$the$principal$
accounts$which$have$been$given$of$the$nature$of$virtue$(305)
•
E%+%603%+.%*'$05%6%&*'5/)'),(33',$%')7-&%8%'/+1'>06%&+(+>'/,,&(27,%,$to$which$the$
others$were$subservient,$and$from$which$the$whole$excellency,$or$the$whole$morality,$
if$I$may$be$allowed$such$an$expression,$of$the$divine$operations,$was$ultimately$
derived.$The$whole$perfection$and$virtue$of$the$human$mind$consisted$in$some$
resemblance$or$participation$of$the$divine$perfections,$and,$consequently$(300)
MZ6%&9'/44%.,(0+'()'7)%473'5$%+'(,'()'.0+4(+%1',0'/'.%&,/(+'1%>&%%'04'801%&/,(0+:'/+1'
%6%&9'/44%.,(0+'()'1()/16/+,/>%07)'5$%+'(,'%F.%%1)',$%'-&0-%&'207+1)<'T..0&1(+>',0'
,$()')9),%8',$%&%40&%*'6(&,7%'.0+)(),)'+0,'(+'/+9'0+%'/44%.,(0+*'27,'(+',$%'-&0-%&'
1%>&%%'04'/33',$%'/44%.,(0+)<M'AY[ID
MWe$may$learn$from$the$system$of$Epicurus,$though$undoubtedly$the$bmost$
imperfect&$of$all$the$three,$how$much$the$practice$of$both$the$amiable$and$
respectable$virtues$is$conducive$to$our$own$interest,$to$our$own$ease$and$safety$and$
quiet$even$in$this$life.$T)'Z-(.7&7)'-3/.%1'$/--(+%))'(+',$%'/,,/(+8%+,'04'%/)%'/+1'
)%.7&(,9*'$%'%F%&,%1'$(8)%34'(+'/'-/&,(.73/&'8/++%&',0')$05',$/,'6(&,7%'5/)*'+0,'
8%&%39',$%'2%),'/+1',$%')7&%),*'27,',$%'0+39'8%/+)'04'/.;7(&(+>',$0)%'(+6/37/23%'
-0))%))(0+)<'M'AY[VD
\+']&<'"/+1%6(33%J
!$%&%'()*'$05%6%&*'/+0,$%&')9),%8'5$(.$')%%8).',0',/?%'/5/9'/3,0>%,$%&',$%'
1(),(+.,(0+'2%,5%%+'6(.%'/+1'6(&,7%*'/+1'04'5$(.$',$%',%+1%+.9'()*'7-0+',$/,'
/..07+,*'5$0339'-%&+(.(07)J'L'8%/+'M,$%')9),%8'04']&<'"/+1%6(33%.$Though$the$
notions$of$this$author"$are$in$almost$every$respect$erroneous,$there$are,$however,$
some$appearances$in$human$nature,$which,$when$viewed$in$a$certain$manner,$seem$
at$first$sight$to$favour$them.$tThese,$described$and$exaggerated$by$the$lively$and$
humorous,$though$coarse$and$rustic$eloquence$of$Dr.$Mandeville,$have$thrown$upon$
his$doctrinest$an$air$of$truth$and$probability$which$is$very$apt$to$impose$upon$the$
unsk.ilful.$(308)
"Dr.$Mandeville'$considers$whatever$is$done$from$a$sense$of$propriety,$from$a$regard$
to$what$is$commendable$and$praise-worthy,$as$being$done$from$a$love$of$praise$and$
commendation,$or$as$he$calls$it$from$vanity"$(308)
"Among$his$other$selfish$passions,$vanity$is$one$of$the$strongest,$and$he$is$
always$easily$flattered$and$greatly$delighted$with$the$applauses$of$those$about$
him.$"$(308)
•
T33'-723(.')-(&(,*',$%&%40&%*'/33'-&%4%&%+.%'04'-723(.',0'-&(6/,%'(+,%&%),*'()*'/..0&1(+>'
,0'$(8*'/'8%&%'.$%/,'/+1'(8-0)(,(0+'7-0+'8/+?(+1:'/+1',$/,'$78/+'6(&,7%'5$(.$'()'
)0'87.$'20/),%1'04*'/+1'5$(.$'()',$%'0../)(0+'04')0'87.$'%873/,(0+'/80+>'8%+*'()'
,$%'8%&%'044)-&(+>'04'43/,,%&9'2%>0,'7-0+'-&(1%'AY[^D
The$decision$of$this$question$is$not,$I$apprehend,$of$any$importance$towards$
establishing$the$reality$of$virtue,$since$self-love$may$frequently$be$a$virtuous$motive$
of$action.$L')$/33'0+39'%+1%/60&',0')$05',$/,',$%'1%)(&%'04'10(+>'5$/,'()'$0+07&/23%'
/+1'+023%*'04'&%+1%&(+>'07&)%36%)',$%'-&0-%&'02G%.,)'04'%),%%8'/+1'/--&02/,(0+*'
./++0,'5(,$'/+9'-&0-&(%,9'2%'./33%1'6/+(,9< Even$the$love$of$well-grounded$fame$and$
reputation,$the$desire$of$acquiring$esteem$by$what$is$really$estimable,$does$not$
deserve$that$name.$The$first$is$the$love$of$virtue,$the$noblest$and$the$best$passion$
(309)
The$man$who$desires$esteem$for$what$is$really$estimable,$desires$nothing$but$what$he$
is$justly$entitled$to,$and$what$cannot$be$refused$him$without$some$sort$of$injury.$$
(310)
P$%&%6%&'07&'&%)%&6%'5(,$'&%>/&1',0'-3%/)7&%'4/33)')$0&,'04',$%'80),'/).%,(.'
/2),(+%+.%*'$%'_"/+1%6(33%`',&%/,)'(,'/)'>&0))'37F7&9'/+1')%+)7/3(,9<'Z6%&9',$(+>*'
/..0&1(+>',0'$(8*'()'37F7&9'5$(.$'%F.%%1)'5$/,'()'/2)037,%39'+%.%))/&9'40&',$%'
)7--0&,'04'$78/+'+/,7&%*')0',$/,',$%&%'()'6(.%'%6%+'(+',$%'7)%'04'/'.3%/+')$(&,*'0&'04'/'
.0+6%+(%+,'$/2(,/,(0+<'AYQBD
ML,'()',$%'>&%/,'4/33/.9'04']&<'"/+1%6(33%a)'200?,',0'&%-&%)%+,'%6%&9'-/))(0+'/)'5$0339'
6(.(07)*'5$(.$'()')0'(+'/+9'1%>&%%'/+1'(+'/+9'1(&%.,(0+<'L,'()',$7)',$/,'$%',&%/,)'%6%&9'
,$(+>'/)'6/+(,9'5$(.$'$/)'/+9'&%4%&%+.%*'%(,$%&',0'5$/,'/&%*'0&',0'5$/,'07>$,',0'2%'
,$%')%+,(8%+,)'04'0,$%&)J'/+1'(,'()'29'8%/+)'04',$()')0-$(),&9*',$/,'$%'%),/23()$%)'$()'
4/607&(,%'.0+.37)(0+*',$/,'-&(6/,%'6(.%)'/&%'-723(.'2%+%4(,)M'AYQBRYQYD<
L,'5/)'%/)9'40&']&<'"/+1%6(33%',0'-&06%*'4(&),*',$/,',$()'%+,(&%'.0+;7%),'+%6%&'/.,7/339'
,00?'-3/.%'/80+>'8%+:'/+1')%.0+139*',$/,*'(4'(,'5/)',0',/?%'-3/.%'7+(6%&)/339*'(,'
50731'2%'-%&+(.(07)',0')0.(%,9*'29'-7,,(+>'/+'%+1',0'/33'(+17),&9'/+1'.088%&.%*'/+1'
(+'/'8/++%&',0',$%'5$03%'27)(+%))'04'$78/+'3(4%<'E9',$%'4(&),'04',$%)%'-&0-0)(,(0+)'
$%')%%8%1',0'-&06%',$/,',$%&%'5/)'+0'&%/3'6(&,7%*'/+1',$/,'5$/,'-&%,%+1%1',0'2%'
)7.$*'5/)'/'8%&%'.$%/,'/+1'(8-0)(,(0+'7-0+'8/+?(+1':'/+1'29',$%')%.0+1*',$/,'
-&(6/,%'6(.%)'5%&%'-723(.'2%+%4(,)*')(+.%'5(,$07,',$%8'+0')0.(%,9'.0731'-&0)-%&'0&'
4307&()$<
MT')9),%8'04'+/,7&/3'-$(30)0-$9'8/9'/--%/&'6%&9'-3/7)(23%*'/+1'2%'40&'/'30+>',(8%'
6%&9'>%+%&/339'&%.%(6%1'(+',$%'50&31*'/+1'9%,'$/6%'+0'407+1/,(0+'(+'+/,7&%*'+0&'/+9'
)0&,'04'&%)%823/+.%',0',$%',&7,$<M'AYQYD
9/20/17
Wednesday,$ September$ 20,$2017
11:12$AM
Took$written$notes
Paper$Notes:
The$root$of$evil,$avarice,
That$damned$ill-natured$baneful$vice,
Was$slave$to$prodigality,
That$noble$sin;$whilst$luxury
Employed$a$million$of$the$poor,
And$odious$pride$a$million$more:
Envy$itself,$and$vanity,
Were$ministers$of$industry;
Their$darling$folly,$fickleness,
In$diet,$furniture$and$dress,
That$strange$ridiculous$vice,$was$made
The$very$wheel$that$turned$the$trade.
Their$laws$and$clothes$were$equally
Objects$of$mutability;
For$what$was$well$done$for$a$time
In$half$a$year$became$a$crime;
Yet$while$they$altered$thus$their$laws,
Still$finding$and$correcting$flaws,
they$mended$by$inconstancy
Faults$which$no$prudence$could$foresee.
Thus$vice$nursed$ingenuity
Which,$joined$with$time$and$industry,
Had$carried$life's$conveniencies,
Its$real$pleasures,$comforts,$ease,
To$such$a$height,$the$very$poor
Lived$better$than$the$rich$before,
And$nothing$could$be$added$more.
From$F:
The$same$may$be$said$not$only$of$Card$and$Dice-makers,$that$are$the$immediate$
Ministers$to$a$Legion$of$Vices;$but aof$Mercers,$Upholsterers,$Tailors,$and$many$
others,$that$would$be$starv’d$in$half$a$Year’s$time,$if Pride and Luxury were$at$once$
to$be$banished$the$Nation.
From$G:
But$if$we$would$set$in$a$true$Light$the$many$Advantages,$and$large$Catalogue$of$solid$
Blessings$that$accrue$from,$and$are$owing$to$the$Evil$I$treat$of,$we$are$to$consider$the$
Rents$that$are$received,$the$Ground$that$is$till’d,$the$Tools$that$are$made,$the$Cattle$
that$are$employ’d,$and$above$all,$the$Multitude$of$Poor$that$are$maintain’d,$by$the$
Variety$of$La-[90]bour,$requiredain$Husbandry,$in$Malting,$in$Carriage$
and [92] Distillation,$before$we$can$have$the aProduct$of$Malt,$which$we$call Low
Wines, and$is$but$the$Beginning$from$which$the$various$Spirits$are$afterwards$to$be$
made.
Not$a$quote$-- but,$even$vices$that$could$be$harmful/detrimental$toward$society$like$
alcohol,$have$economic$benefits
!"#
Philosophers$have,$of$late$years,$considered$chiefly$the$tendency$of$affections,$and$
have$given$little$attention$to$the$relation$which$they$stand$in$to$the$cause$which$
excites$them.$In$common$life,$however,$when$we$judge$of$any$person's$conduct,$and$
of$the$sentiments$which$directed$it,$we$constantly$consider$them$under$both$these$
aspects.$When$we$blame$in$another$man$the$excesses$of$love,$of$grief,$of$resentment,$
we$not$only$consider$the$ruinous$effects$which$they$tend$to$produce,$but$the$little$
occasion$which$was$given$for$them.$(18)
And$hence$it$is,$that$to$feel$much$for$others$and$little$for$our:selves,$that$to$restrain$
our$selfish,$and$to$indulge$our$benevolent$affections,$constitutes$the$perfection$of$
human$nature;$and$can$alone$produce$among$mankind$that$harmony$of$sentiments$
and$passions$in$which$consists$their$whole$grace$and$propriety.$As$to$love$our$
neighbour$as$we$love$ourselves$is$the$great$law$of$Christianity,$so$it$is$the$great$
precept$of$nature$to$love$ourselves$only$as$we$love$our$neighbour,$or$what$comes$to$
the$same$thing,$as$our$neighbour$is$capable$of$loving$us.$(25)
The$amiable$virtue$of$humanity$requires,$surely,$a$sensibility,$much$beyond$what$is$
possessed$by$the$rude$vulgar$of$mankind.$The$great$and$exalted$ virtue$of$
magnanimity$undoubtedly$demands$much$more$than$that$degree$of$self-command,$
which$the$weakest$of$mortals$is$capable$of$exerting.$As$in$the$common$degree$of$the$
inteiJectual$qualities,$there$is$no$abilities;$ so$in$the$common$degree$of$the$moral,$
there$is$no$virtue.$Virtue$is$excellence,$ something$uncommonly$great$and$beautiful,$
which$rises$far$above$what$is$vulgar$and$ordinary.$The$amiable$virtues$consist$in$that$
degree$of$sensibility$which$surprises$by$its$exquisite$and$unexpected$delicacy$and$
tenderness.$The$awful$and$respectable,$in$that$degree$of$self-command$which$
astonishes$by$its$amazing$superiority$over$the$most$ungovernable$passions$of$human$
nature.$(25)
!$%&%'()*'(+',$()'&%)-%.,*'/'.0+)(1%&/23%'1(44%&%+.%'2%,5%%+'6(&,7%'/+1'8%&%'
-&0-&(%,9:'2%,5%%+',$0)%';7/3(,(%)'/+1'/.,(0+)'5$(.$'1%)%&6%',0'2%'/18(&%1'/+1'
.%3%2&/,%1*'/+1',$0)%'5$(.$')(8-39'1%)%&6%',0'2%'/--&06%1'04<'=-0+'8/+9'
0../)(0+)*',0'/.,'5(,$',$%'80),'-%&4%.,'-&0-&(%,9*'&%;7(&%)'+0'80&%',$/+',$/,'
.0880+'/+1'0&1(+/&9'1%>&%%'04')%+)(2(3(,9'0&')%34.088/+1'5$(.$',$%'80),'
50&,$3%))'04'8/+?(+1'/&%'-0))%),'04*'/+1')08%,(8%)'%6%+',$/,'1%>&%%'()'+0,'
+%.%))/&9<'!$7)*',0'>(6%'/'6%&9'305'(+),/+.%*',0'%/,'5$%+'5%'/&%'$7+>&9*'()'.%&,/(+39*'
7-0+'0&1(+/&9'0../)(0+)*'-%&4%.,39'&(>$,'/+1'-&0-%&*'/+1'./++0,'8())'2%(+>'
/--&06%1'04'/)')7.$'29'%6%&9'2019<'@0,$(+>*'$05%6%&*'.0731'2%'80&%'/2)7&1',$/+',0'
)/9'(,'5/)'6(&,707)<''ABCD
In$cases$of$this$kind,$when$we$are$determining$the$degree$of$blame$or$applause$which$
seems$due$to$any$action,$we$very$frequently$make$use$of$two$different$standards.$The$
first$is$the$idea$of$complete$propriety$and$perfection,$which,$in$those$difficult$
situations,$no$human$conduct$ever$did,$or$ever$can$come$up$to;$and$in$comparison$
with$which$the$actions$of$all$men$must$for$ever$appear$blameable$and$imperfect.$The$
second$is$the$idea$of$that$degree$of$proximity$or$distance$from$this$complete$
perfection,$which$the$actions$of$the$greater$part$of$men$commonly$arrive$at.$
Whatever$goes$beyond$this$degree,$how$far$soever$it$may$be$removed$from$absolute$
perfection,$seems$to$deserve$applause;$and$whatever$falls$short$of$it,$to$deserve$
blame.$(26)
E%+%4(.%+.%*',$%&%40&%*'()'3%))'%))%+,(/3',0',$%'%F(),%+.%'04')0.(%,9',$/+'G7),(.%<'
#0.(%,9'8/9')72)(),*',$07>$'+0,'(+',$%'80),'.0840&,/23%'),/,%*'5(,$07,'2%+%4(.%+.%:'
27,',$%'-&%6/3%+.%'04'(+G7),(.%'87),'7,,%&39'1%),&09'(,<'AHID
E%+%4(.%+.%'()'+/,7&/339'0..7&&(+>'(+'$78/+)*'5$(3%'/'.0+.%-,'04'G7),(.%'()'+0,J'
Though$Nature,$therefore,$exhorts$mankind$to$acts$of$beneficence,$by$the$pleasing$
consciousness$of$deserved$reward,$she$has$not$thought$it$necessary$to$guard$and$
enforce$the$practice$of$it$by$the$terrors$of$merited$punishment$in$case$it$should$be$
neglected.$(86)
K7),(.%*'0+',$%'.0+,&/&9*'()',$%'8/(+'-(33/&',$/,'7-$031)',$%'5$03%'%1(4(.%<'L4'(,'()'
&%806%1*',$%'>&%/,*',$%'(88%+)%'4J/2&(.'04'$78/+')0.(%,9*',$/,'4/2&(.'5$(.$',0'&/()%'
/+1')7--0&,')%%8)'(+',$()'50&31*'(4'L'8/9')/9')0*',0'$/6%'2%%+',$%'-%.73(/&'/+1'
1/&3(+>'./&%'04'@/,7&%*'87),'(+'/'808%+,'.&7823%'(+,0'/,08) […]$Men,$though$
naturally$sympathetic,$feel$so$little$for$another,$with$whom$they$have$no$particular$
connexion,$in$comparison$of$what$they$feel$for$themselves;$the$misery$of$one,$who$is$
merely$their$fellow-creature,$is$of$so$little$ importance$to$them$in$comparison$even$of$
a$small$conveniency$of$their$own;$they$have$it$so$much$in$their$power$to$hurt$him,$and$
may$have$so$many$temptations$to$do$so,$that$if$this$principle$ did$not$stand$up$within$
them$in$his$defence,$and$overawe$them$into$a$respect$for$his$innocence,$they$would,$
like$wild$beasts,$be$at$all$times$ready$to$fly$upon$him;$and$a$man$would$enter$an$
assembly$of$men$as$he$enters$a$den$of$lions.$$(86)
As$society$cannot$subsist$unless$the$laws$of$justice$are$tolerably$observed,$as$no$social$
intercourse$can$take$place$among$men$who$do$not$generally$abstain$from$injuring$one$
another$(87)
MN%'()')%+)(23%',00',$/,'$()'05+'(+,%&%),'()'.0++%.,%1'5(,$',$%'-&0)-%&(,9'04')0.(%,9*'
/+1',$/,',$%'$/--(+%))*'-%&$/-)',$%'-&%)%&6/,(0+'04'$()'%F(),%+.%*'1%-%+1)'7-0+'(,)'
-&%)%&6/,(0+<'=-0+'%6%&9'/..07+,*',$%&%40&%*'$%'$/)'/+'/2$0&&%+.%'/,'5$/,%6%&'./+'
,%+1',0'1%),&09')0.(%,9*'/+1'()'5(33(+>',0'8/?O%'7)%'04'%6%&9'8%/+)*'5$(.$'./+'
$(+1%&')0'$/,%1'/+1')0'1&%/1473'/+'%6%+,M'AHHD
L8-/&,(/3'#-%.,/,0&J
"But,$in$order$to$attain$this$satisfaction,$we$must$become$the$impartial$spectators$of$
our$own$character$and$conduct.$We$must$endeavour$to$view$them$with$the$eyes$of$
other$people,$or$as$other$people$are$likely$ to$view$them.$When$seen$in$this$light,$if$
they$appear$to$us$as$we$wish,$we$are$happy$and$contented."$(114)
We$are$pleased,$not$only$with$praise,$but$with$having$done$what$is$praise-worthy$
(115)
P$%+'$%'6(%5)'(,'(+',$%'3(>$,'(+'5$(.$',$%'(8-/&,(/3')-%.,/,0&'50731'6(%5'(,*'$%'
,$0&07>$39'%+,%&)'(+,0'/33',$%'80,(6%)'5$(.$'(+437%+.%1'(,'AQQCD
M@/,7&%*'5$%+')$%'40&8%1'8/+'40&')0.(%,9*'%+105%1'$(8'5(,$'/+'0&(>(+/3'1%)(&%',0'
-3%/)%*'/+1'/+'0&(>(+/3'/6%&)(0+',0'044%+1'$()'2&%,$&%+<'#$%',/7>$,'$(8',0'4%%3'
-3%/)7&%'(+',$%(&'4/607&/23%*'/+1'-/(+'(+',$%(&'7+4/607&/23%'&%>/&1<'#$%'&%+1%&%1'
,$%(&'/--&02/,(0+'80),'43/,,%&(+>'/+1'80),'/>&%%/23%',0'$(8'40&'(,)'05+')/?%:'/+1'
,$%(&'1()/--&02/,(0+'80),'80&,(49(+>'/+1'80),'044%+)(6%M'AQQID'
ME7,',$()'1%)(&%'04',$%'/--&02/,(0+*'/+1',$()'/6%&)(0+',0',$%'1()/--&02/,(0+'04'$()'
2&%,$&%+*'50731'+0,'/30+%'$/6%'&%+1%&%1'$(8'4(,'40&',$/,')0.(%,9'40&'5$(.$'$%'5/)'
8/1%<'@/,7&%*'/..0&1(+>39*'$/)'%+105%1'$(8*'+0,'0+39'5(,$'/'1%)(&%'04'2%(+>'
/--&06%1'04*'27,'5(,$'/'1%)(&%'04'2%(+>'5$/,'07>$,',0'2%'/--&06%1'04:'0&'04'2%(+>'
5$/,'$%'$(8)%34'/--&06%)'04'(+'0,$%&'8%+<'!$%'4(&),'1%)(&%'.0731'0+39'$/6%'8/1%'
$(8'5()$',0'/--%/&',0'2%'4(,'40&')0.(%,9<'!$%')%.0+1'5/)'+%.%))/&9'(+'0&1%&',0'&%+1%&'
$(8'/+F(07)',0'2%'&%/339'4(,<'!$%'4(&),'.0731'0+39'$/6%'-&08-,%1'$(8',0',$%'
/44%.,/,(0+'04'6(&,7%*'/+1',0',$%'.0+.%/38%+,'04'6(.%<'!$%')%.0+1'5/)'+%.%))/&9'(+'
0&1%&',0'(+)-(&%'$(8'5(,$',$%'&%/3'306%'04'6(&,7%*'/+1'5(,$',$%'&%/3'/2$0&&%+.%'04'
6(.%<'L+'%6%&9'5%33R40&8%1'8(+1',$()')%.0+1'1%)(&%')%%8)',0'2%',$%'),&0+>%),'04',$%'
,50<'L,'()'0+39',$%'5%/?%),'/+1'80),')7-%&4(.(/3'04'8/+?(+1'5$0'./+'2%'87.$'
1%3(>$,%1'5(,$',$/,'-&/()%'5$(.$',$%9',$%8)%36%)'?+05',0'2%'/3,0>%,$%&'7+8%&(,%1M'
AQQID<
His$self·approbation,$in$this$case,$stands$in$need$of$no$confirmation$from$the$
approbation$of$other$men.$It$is$alone$sufficient,$and$he$is$contented$with$it.$This$self-
approbation,$if$not$the$only,$is$at$least$the$principal$object,$about$which$he$can$or$
ought$to$be$anxious.$The$love$of$it,$is$the$love$of$virtue.$(117)
"We$dread$the$thought$of$doing$$any$thing$which$can$render$us$the$just$and$proper$
objects$of$the$hatred$and$contempt$of$our$fellow-creatures"$(117-118)$-- included$in$
beneficence$is$the$innate$fear$of$engaging$in$behavior$that$could$result$in$being$hated$
or$disapproved$of
To$persons$in$such$unfortunate$circumstances,$that$humble$philosophy$which$
confines$its$views$to$this$life,$can$afford,$perhaps,$but$little$consolation.$Every$thing$
that$could$render$either$life$or$death$respectable$is$taken$from$them.$They$are$
condemned$to$death$and$to$everlasting$infamy.$Religion$can$alone$afford$them$any$
effectual$comfort.$She$alone$can$tell$them,$that$it$is$of$little$ importance$what$man$
may$think$of$their$conduct,$while$the$all-seeing$Judge$of$the$world$approves$of$it.$She$
alone$can$present$to$them$the$view$of$another$world;$a$world$of$more$candour,$
humanity,$and$justice,$than$the$present;$where$their$innocence$is$in$due$time$to$be$
declared,$and$their$virtue$to$be$finally$rewarded:$and$the$same$great$principle$which$
can$alone$strike$terror$into$triumphant$vice,$affords$the$only$effectual$consolation$to$
disgraced$and$insulted$innocence.$(120-121)
As$he$grows$up.$he$soon$learns$that$some$care$and$foresight$are$necessary$for$
providing$the$means$of$gratifying$those$natural$appetites,$of$procuring$pleasure$
and$avoiding$pain
•
"THE$preservation$and$healthful$state$of$the$body$seem$to$be$the$objects$which$
Nature$first$recommends$to$the$care$of$every$individual$[…]$The$first$lessons$which$he$
is$taught$by$those$to$whom$his$childhood$is$entrusted,$tend,$the$greater$part$of$them,$
to$the$same$purpose.$Their$principal$object$is$to$teach$him$how$to$keep$out$of$harm's$
way"$(212)
E%+%4(.%+.%'%F(),(+>'+/,7&/339'(+'+/,7&%*'5$(3%'6(.%'./7)%1'29'6/+(,9'./+'
(8-%1%'0+',$()'A89'50&1)D
•
"We$suffer$more,$it$has$already$been$observed,$1$when$we$fall$from$a$better$to$
a$worse$situation,$than$we$ever$enjoy$when$we$rise$from$a$worse$to$a$better."$
(213)
•
"Security,$therefore,$is$the$first$and$the$principal$object$of$prudence.$It$is$averse$
to$expose$our$health,$our$fortune,$our$rank,$or$reputation,$to$any$sort$of$
hazard."
•
"The$desire$of$becoming$the$proper$objects$of$this$respect,$of$deserving$and$obtaining$
this$credit$and$rank$among$our$equals,$is,$perhaps,$the$strongest$of$all$our$desires,$and$
our$anxiety$to$obtain$the$advantages$of$fortune$is$accordingly$much$more$excited$and$
irritated$by$this$desire,$than$by$that$of$supplying$all$the$necessities$and$
cconvenienciesc$of$the$body,$which$are$always$very$easily$supplied"$(213)
Prudence$[…]$is$regarded$as$a$most$respectable$and$even,$in$some$degree,$as$an$
amiable$and$agreeable$quality,$yet$it$never$is$considered$as$one,$either$of$the$most$
endearing,$or$of$the$most$ennobling$of$the$virtues$(216)
MP()%'/+1'G71(.(07)'.0+17.,*'5$%+'1(&%.,%1',0'>&%/,%&'/+1'+023%&'-7&-0)%)',$/+'
,$%'./&%'04',$%'$%/3,$*',$%'40&,7+%*',$%'&/+?'/+1'&%-7,/,(0+'04',$%'(+1(6(17/3*'()'
4&%;7%+,39'/+1'6%&9'-&0-%&39'./33%1'-&71%+.%<'P%',/3?'04',$%'-&71%+.%'04',$%'>&%/,'
>%+%&/3*'04',$%'>&%/,'),/,%)8/+*'04',$%'>&%/,'3%>()3/,0&<'S&71%+.%'()*'(+'/33',$%)%'
./)%)*'.082(+%1'5(,$'8/+9'>&%/,%&'/+1'80&%')-3%+1(1'6(&,7%)*'5(,$'6/307&*'5(,$'
%F,%+)(6%'/+1'),&0+>'2%+%603%+.%*'5(,$'/')/.&%1'&%>/&1',0',$%'&73%)'04'G7),(.%*'/+1'
/33',$%)%')7--0&,%1'29'/'-&0-%&'1%>&%%'04')%34R.088/+1<'!$()')7-%&(0&'-&71%+.%*'
5$%+'./&&(%1',0',$%'$(>$%),'1%>&%%'04'-%&4%.,(0+*'+%.%))/&(39')7--0)%)',$%'/&,*',$%'
,/3%+,*'/+1',$%'$/2(,'0&'1()-0)(,(0+'04'/.,(+>'5(,$',$%'80),'-%&4%.,'-&0-&(%,9'(+'
%6%&9'-0))(23%'.(&.78),/+.%'/+1')(,7/,(0+M'ABQIDM'
"Mere$imprudence$[…]$When$combined$with$other$vices$[…]$aggravates$in$the$highest$
degree$the$infamy$and$disgrace$which$would$otherwise$attend$them.$The$artful$knave,$
whose$dexterity$and$address$exempt$him,$though$not$from$strong$suspicions,$yet$
from$punishment$or$distinct$detection,$is$too$often$received$in$the$world$with$an$
indulgence$which$he$by$no$means$deserves"$(216)
MT)'-&71%+.%'.082(+%1'5(,$'0,$%&'6(&,7%)*'.0+),(,7,%)',$%'+023%),:')0'(8-&71%+.%'
.082(+%1'5(,$'0,$U&'6(.%)*'.0+),(,7,%)',$%'6(3%),'04'/33'.$/&/.,%&)'ABQVDM
"This$universal$benevolence,$how$noble$and$generous$soeve.r,$can$be$the$source$of$no$
solid$happiness$to$any$man$who$:is$not$thoroughly$convinced$that$all$the$inhabitants$
of$the$universe,$the$meanest$as$well$as$the$greatest,$are$under$the$immediate$care$
and$protection$of$that$great,$benevolent,$and$all~wise$Being,$who$directs$all$the$
movements$of$nature;$and$who$is$determined,$by$his$own$unalterable$perfections,$to$
maintain$in$it,$at$all$times,$the$greatest$possible$quantity$of$happiness."
M!$%'5()%'/+1'6(&,707)'8/+'()'/,'/33',(8%)'5(33(+>',$/,'$()'05+'-&(6/,%'(+,%&%),'
)$0731'2%')/.&(4(.%1',0',$%'-723(.'(+,%&%),'04'$()'05+'-/&,(.73/&'0&1%&'0&')0.(%,9.$He$
is$at$all$times$willing,$too,$that$the$interest$of$this$order$or$society$should$be$sacrificed$
to$the$greater$interest$of$the$state$or$sovereignty,$of$which$it$is$only$a$subordinate$
part.$He$should,$therefore,$be$equally$willing$that$all$those$inferior$interests$should$be$
sacrificed$to$the$greater$interest$of$the$universe,$to$the$interest$of$that$great$society$
of$all$sensible$and$intclligent$beings,$of$which$God$himself$is$the$immediate$
administrator$and$director"$(235)
M!$%'/18(+(),&/,(0+'04',$%'>&%/,')9),%8'04',$%'7+(6%&)%*'W$05%6%&*',$%'./&%'04',$%'
7+(6%&)/3'$/--(+%))'04'/33'&/,(0+/3'/+1')%+)(23%'2%(+>)*'()',$%'27)(+%))'04'X01'/+1'
+0,'04'8/+<'!0'8/+'()'/330,,%1'/'87.$'$7823%&'1%-/&,8%+,*'27,'0+%'87.$'80&%'
)7(,/23%',0',$%'5%/?+%))'04'$()'-05%&)*'/+1',0',$%'+/&&05+%))'04'$()'
.08-&%$%+)(0+:',$%'./&%'04'$()'05+'$/--(+%))*'04',$/,'04'$()'4/8(39*'$()'4&(%+1)*'$()'
.033+,&9J',$/,'$%'()'0..7-(%1'(+'.0+,%8-3/,(+>',$%'80&%')723(8%*'./+'+%6%&'2%'/+'
%F.7)%'40&'$()'+%>3%.,(+>',$%'80&%'$7823%'1%-/&,8%+,M'ABYVD<
!NZ')9),%8'5$(.$'8/?%)'6(&,7%'.0+)(),'(+'2%+%603%+.% […]$seems$to$have$been$the$
doctrine$of$the$greater$part$of$those$philosophers$who,$about$and$after$the$age$of$
Augustus,$called$themselves$Eclectics,$who$pretended$to$follow$chiefly$the$opinions$of$
Plato$and$Pythagoras,$and$who$upon$that$account$are$.0880+39'?+05+'29',$%'+/8%'
04',$%'3/,%&'S3/,0+(),)<'AY[[D
This$system,$as$it$was$much$esteemed$by$many$ancient$fathers$of$the$Christian$
church$(301)
•
!$/,'6(&,7%'.0+)(),)'(+'2%+%603%+.%'()'/'+0,(0+')7--0&,%1'29'8/+9'
/--%/&/+.%)'(+'$78/+'+/,7&%<'L,'$/)'2%%+'02)%&6%1'/3&%/19*',$/,'-&0-%&'
2%+%603%+.%'()',$%'80),'>&/.%473'/+1'/>&%%/23%'04'/33',$%'/44%.,(0+)*',$/,'(,'()'
&%.088%+1%1',0'7)'29'/'10723%')98-/,$9*',$/,'/)'(,)',%+1%+.9'()'+%.%))/&(39'
2%+%4(.%+,*'(,'()',$%'-&0-%&'02G%.,'04'>&/,(,71%'/+1'&%5/&1*'/+1',$/,'7-0+'/33'
,$%)%'/..07+,)'(,'/--%/&)',0'07&'+/,7&/3')%+,(8%+,)',0'-0))%))'/'8%&(,'
)7-%&(0&',0'/+9'0,$%&'AY[QD
•
M#(+.%*',$%&%40&%*',$%'8(F,7&%'04'/+9')%34()$'80,(6%*'3(?%',$/,'04'/'2/)%&'/3309*'
1(8(+()$%1'0&',00?'/5/9'/3,0>%,$%&',$%'8%&(,'5$(.$'50731'0,$%&5()%'$/6%'
2%30+>%1',0'/+9'/.,(0+*'(,'5/)'%6(1%+,*'$%'(8/>(+%1',$/,'6(&,7%'87),'.0+)(),'(+'
-7&%'/+1'1()(+,%&%),%1'2%+%603%+.%'/30+%<'MAY[BD
•
P$%+',$0)%'/.,(0+)*'0+',$%'.0+,&/&9*'5$(.$'/&%'.0880+39')7--0)%1',0'
-&0.%%1'4&08'/')%34()$'80,(6%*'/&%'1().06%&%1',0'$/6%'/&()%+'4&08'/'
2%+%603%+,'0+%*'(,'>&%/,39'%+$/+.%)'07&')%+)%'04',$%(&'8%&(,<'L4'5%'2%3(%6%1'04'
/+9'-%&)0+',$/,'$%'%+1%/607&%1',0'/16/+.%'$()'40&,7+%'4&08'+0'0,$%&'6(%5'
27,',$/,'04'10(+>'4&(%+139'044(.%)*'/+1'04'8/?(+>'-&0-%&'&%,7&+)',0'$()'
2%+%4/.,0&)*'5%')$0731'0+39'306%'/+1'%),%%8'$(8',$%'80&%<'T+1',$()'
02)%&6/,(0+')%%8%1'),(33'80&%',0'.0+4(&8',$%'.0+.37)(0+* ,$/,'(,'5/)'
2%+%603%+.%'0+39'5$(.$'.0731'),/8-'7-0+'/+9'/.,(0+',$%'.$/&/.,%&'04'6(&,7%<''
AY[BD
•
Since$benevolence,$therefore,$was$the$only$motive$which$could$bestow$upon$
any$action$the$character$of$virtue,$the$greater$the$benevolence$which$was$
evidenced$by$any$action,$the$greater$the$praise$which$must$belong$to$it.$
•
The$most$virtuous$of$aJI$affections,$therefore,$was$that$which$embraced$as$its$
object$the$happiness$of$all$intelligent$beings.$The$le~t$virtuous,$on$the$contrary,$
of$those$to$which$the$character$of$virtue$could$in$any$respect$belong,$was$that$
which$aimed$no$further$than$at$the$happiness$of$an$individ!ual,$such$as$a$son,$a$
brother,$a$friend.$
•
Those$three$systems,$that$which$places$virtue$in$propriety,$that$which$places$it$
in$prudence,$and$that$which$makes$it$consist$in$benevolence,$are$the$principal$
accounts$which$have$been$given$of$the$nature$of$virtue$(305)
•
E%+%603%+.%*'$05%6%&*'5/)'),(33',$%')7-&%8%'/+1'>06%&+(+>'/,,&(27,%,$to$which$the$
others$were$subservient,$and$from$which$the$whole$excellency,$or$the$whole$morality,$
if$I$may$be$allowed$such$an$expression,$of$the$divine$operations,$was$ultimately$
derived.$The$whole$perfection$and$virtue$of$the$human$mind$consisted$in$some$
resemblance$or$participation$of$the$divine$perfections,$and,$consequently$(300)
MZ6%&9'/44%.,(0+'()'7)%473'5$%+'(,'()'.0+4(+%1',0'/'.%&,/(+'1%>&%%'04'801%&/,(0+:'/+1'
%6%&9'/44%.,(0+'()'1()/16/+,/>%07)'5$%+'(,'%F.%%1)',$%'-&0-%&'207+1)<'T..0&1(+>',0'
,$()')9),%8',$%&%40&%*'6(&,7%'.0+)(),)'+0,'(+'/+9'0+%'/44%.,(0+*'27,'(+',$%'-&0-%&'
1%>&%%'04'/33',$%'/44%.,(0+)<M'AY[ID
MWe$may$learn$from$the$system$of$Epicurus,$though$undoubtedly$the$bmost$
imperfect&$of$all$the$three,$how$much$the$practice$of$both$the$amiable$and$
respectable$virtues$is$conducive$to$our$own$interest,$to$our$own$ease$and$safety$and$
quiet$even$in$this$life.$T)'Z-(.7&7)'-3/.%1'$/--(+%))'(+',$%'/,,/(+8%+,'04'%/)%'/+1'
)%.7&(,9*'$%'%F%&,%1'$(8)%34'(+'/'-/&,(.73/&'8/++%&',0')$05',$/,'6(&,7%'5/)*'+0,'
8%&%39',$%'2%),'/+1',$%')7&%),*'27,',$%'0+39'8%/+)'04'/.;7(&(+>',$0)%'(+6/37/23%'
-0))%))(0+)<'M'AY[VD
\+']&<'"/+1%6(33%J
!$%&%'()*'$05%6%&*'/+0,$%&')9),%8'5$(.$')%%8).',0',/?%'/5/9'/3,0>%,$%&',$%'
1(),(+.,(0+'2%,5%%+'6(.%'/+1'6(&,7%*'/+1'04'5$(.$',$%',%+1%+.9'()*'7-0+',$/,'
/..07+,*'5$0339'-%&+(.(07)J'L'8%/+'M,$%')9),%8'04']&<'"/+1%6(33%.$Though$the$
notions$of$this$author"$are$in$almost$every$respect$erroneous,$there$are,$however,$
some$appearances$in$human$nature,$which,$when$viewed$in$a$certain$manner,$seem$
at$first$sight$to$favour$them.$tThese,$described$and$exaggerated$by$the$lively$and$
humorous,$though$coarse$and$rustic$eloquence$of$Dr.$Mandeville,$have$thrown$upon$
his$doctrinest$an$air$of$truth$and$probability$which$is$very$apt$to$impose$upon$the$
unsk.ilful.$(308)
"Dr.$Mandeville'$considers$whatever$is$done$from$a$sense$of$propriety,$from$a$regard$
to$what$is$commendable$and$praise-worthy,$as$being$done$from$a$love$of$praise$and$
commendation,$or$as$he$calls$it$from$vanity"$(308)
"Among$his$other$selfish$passions,$vanity$is$one$of$the$strongest,$and$he$is$
always$easily$flattered$and$greatly$delighted$with$the$applauses$of$those$about$
him.$"$(308)
•
T33'-723(.')-(&(,*',$%&%40&%*'/33'-&%4%&%+.%'04'-723(.',0'-&(6/,%'(+,%&%),*'()*'/..0&1(+>'
,0'$(8*'/'8%&%'.$%/,'/+1'(8-0)(,(0+'7-0+'8/+?(+1:'/+1',$/,'$78/+'6(&,7%'5$(.$'()'
)0'87.$'20/),%1'04*'/+1'5$(.$'()',$%'0../)(0+'04')0'87.$'%873/,(0+'/80+>'8%+*'()'
,$%'8%&%'044)-&(+>'04'43/,,%&9'2%>0,'7-0+'-&(1%'AY[^D
The$decision$of$this$question$is$not,$I$apprehend,$of$any$importance$towards$
establishing$the$reality$of$virtue,$since$self-love$may$frequently$be$a$virtuous$motive$
of$action.$L')$/33'0+39'%+1%/60&',0')$05',$/,',$%'1%)(&%'04'10(+>'5$/,'()'$0+07&/23%'
/+1'+023%*'04'&%+1%&(+>'07&)%36%)',$%'-&0-%&'02G%.,)'04'%),%%8'/+1'/--&02/,(0+*'
./++0,'5(,$'/+9'-&0-&(%,9'2%'./33%1'6/+(,9< Even$the$love$of$well-grounded$fame$and$
reputation,$the$desire$of$acquiring$esteem$by$what$is$really$estimable,$does$not$
deserve$that$name.$The$first$is$the$love$of$virtue,$the$noblest$and$the$best$passion$
(309)
The$man$who$desires$esteem$for$what$is$really$estimable,$desires$nothing$but$what$he$
is$justly$entitled$to,$and$what$cannot$be$refused$him$without$some$sort$of$injury.$$
(310)
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L,'5/)'%/)9'40&']&<'"/+1%6(33%',0'-&06%*'4(&),*',$/,',$()'%+,(&%'.0+;7%),'+%6%&'/.,7/339'
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50731'2%'-%&+(.(07)',0')0.(%,9*'29'-7,,(+>'/+'%+1',0'/33'(+17),&9'/+1'.088%&.%*'/+1'
(+'/'8/++%&',0',$%'5$03%'27)(+%))'04'$78/+'3(4%<'E9',$%'4(&),'04',$%)%'-&0-0)(,(0+)'
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)7.$*'5/)'/'8%&%'.$%/,'/+1'(8-0)(,(0+'7-0+'8/+?(+1':'/+1'29',$%')%.0+1*',$/,'
-&(6/,%'6(.%)'5%&%'-723(.'2%+%4(,)*')(+.%'5(,$07,',$%8'+0')0.(%,9'.0731'-&0)-%&'0&'
4307&()$<
MT')9),%8'04'+/,7&/3'-$(30)0-$9'8/9'/--%/&'6%&9'-3/7)(23%*'/+1'2%'40&'/'30+>',(8%'
6%&9'>%+%&/339'&%.%(6%1'(+',$%'50&31*'/+1'9%,'$/6%'+0'407+1/,(0+'(+'+/,7&%*'+0&'/+9'
)0&,'04'&%)%823/+.%',0',$%',&7,$<M'AYQYD
9/20/17
Wednesday,$ September$ 20,$2017 11:12$AM
Took$written$notes
Paper$Notes:
The$root$of$evil,$avarice,
That$damned$ill-natured$baneful$vice,
Was$slave$to$prodigality,
That$noble$sin;$whilst$luxury
Employed$a$million$of$the$poor,
And$odious$pride$a$million$more:
Envy$itself,$and$vanity,
Were$ministers$of$industry;
Their$darling$folly,$fickleness,
In$diet,$furniture$and$dress,
That$strange$ridiculous$vice,$was$made
The$very$wheel$that$turned$the$trade.
Their$laws$and$clothes$were$equally
Objects$of$mutability;
For$what$was$well$done$for$a$time
In$half$a$year$became$a$crime;
Yet$while$they$altered$thus$their$laws,
Still$finding$and$correcting$flaws,
they$mended$by$inconstancy
Faults$which$no$prudence$could$foresee.
Thus$vice$nursed$ingenuity
Which,$joined$with$time$and$industry,
Had$carried$life's$conveniencies,
Its$real$pleasures,$comforts,$ease,
To$such$a$height,$the$very$poor
Lived$better$than$the$rich$before,
And$nothing$could$be$added$more.
From$F:
The$same$may$be$said$not$only$of$Card$and$Dice-makers,$that$are$the$immediate$
Ministers$to$a$Legion$of$Vices;$but aof$Mercers,$Upholsterers,$Tailors,$and$many$
others,$that$would$be$starv’d$in$half$a$Year’s$time,$if Pride and Luxury were$at$once$
to$be$banished$the$Nation.
From$G:
But$if$we$would$set$in$a$true$Light$the$many$Advantages,$and$large$Catalogue$of$solid$
Blessings$that$accrue$from,$and$are$owing$to$the$Evil$I$treat$of,$we$are$to$consider$the$
Rents$that$are$received,$the$Ground$that$is$till’d,$the$Tools$that$are$made,$the$Cattle$
that$are$employ’d,$and$above$all,$the$Multitude$of$Poor$that$are$maintain’d,$by$the$
Variety$of$La-[90]bour,$requiredain$Husbandry,$in$Malting,$in$Carriage$
and [92] Distillation,$before$we$can$have$the aProduct$of$Malt,$which$we$call Low
Wines, and$is$but$the$Beginning$from$which$the$various$Spirits$are$afterwards$to$be$
made.
Not$a$quote$-- but,$even$vices$that$could$be$harmful/detrimental$toward$society$like$
alcohol,$have$economic$benefits
!"#
Philosophers$have,$of$late$years,$considered$chiefly$the$tendency$of$affections,$and$
have$given$little$attention$to$the$relation$which$they$stand$in$to$the$cause$which$
excites$them.$In$common$life,$however,$when$we$judge$of$any$person's$conduct,$and$
of$the$sentiments$which$directed$it,$we$constantly$consider$them$under$both$these$
aspects.$When$we$blame$in$another$man$the$excesses$of$love,$of$grief,$of$resentment,$
we$not$only$consider$the$ruinous$effects$which$they$tend$to$produce,$but$the$little$
occasion$which$was$given$for$them.$(18)
And$hence$it$is,$that$to$feel$much$for$others$and$little$for$our:selves,$that$to$restrain$
our$selfish,$and$to$indulge$our$benevolent$affections,$constitutes$the$perfection$of$
human$nature;$and$can$alone$produce$among$mankind$that$harmony$of$sentiments$
and$passions$in$which$consists$their$whole$grace$and$propriety.$As$to$love$our$
neighbour$as$we$love$ourselves$is$the$great$law$of$Christianity,$so$it$is$the$great$
precept$of$nature$to$love$ourselves$only$as$we$love$our$neighbour,$or$what$comes$to$
the$same$thing,$as$our$neighbour$is$capable$of$loving$us.$(25)
The$amiable$virtue$of$humanity$requires,$surely,$a$sensibility,$much$beyond$what$is$
possessed$by$the$rude$vulgar$of$mankind.$The$great$and$exalted$ virtue$of$
magnanimity$undoubtedly$demands$much$more$than$that$degree$of$self-command,$
which$the$weakest$of$mortals$is$capable$of$exerting.$As$in$the$common$degree$of$the$
inteiJectual$qualities,$there$is$no$abilities;$ so$in$the$common$degree$of$the$moral,$
there$is$no$virtue.$Virtue$is$excellence,$ something$uncommonly$great$and$beautiful,$
which$rises$far$above$what$is$vulgar$and$ordinary.$The$amiable$virtues$consist$in$that$
degree$of$sensibility$which$surprises$by$its$exquisite$and$unexpected$delicacy$and$
tenderness.$The$awful$and$respectable,$in$that$degree$of$self-command$which$
astonishes$by$its$amazing$superiority$over$the$most$ungovernable$passions$of$human$
nature.$(25)
!$%&%'()*'(+',$()'&%)-%.,*'/'.0+)(1%&/23%'1(44%&%+.%'2%,5%%+'6(&,7%'/+1'8%&%'
-&0-&(%,9:'2%,5%%+',$0)%';7/3(,(%)'/+1'/.,(0+)'5$(.$'1%)%&6%',0'2%'/18(&%1'/+1'
.%3%2&/,%1*'/+1',$0)%'5$(.$')(8-39'1%)%&6%',0'2%'/--&06%1'04<'=-0+'8/+9'
0../)(0+)*',0'/.,'5(,$',$%'80),'-%&4%.,'-&0-&(%,9*'&%;7(&%)'+0'80&%',$/+',$/,'
.0880+'/+1'0&1(+/&9'1%>&%%'04')%+)(2(3(,9'0&')%34.088/+1'5$(.$',$%'80),'
50&,$3%))'04'8/+?(+1'/&%'-0))%),'04*'/+1')08%,(8%)'%6%+',$/,'1%>&%%'()'+0,'
+%.%))/&9<'!$7)*',0'>(6%'/'6%&9'305'(+),/+.%*',0'%/,'5$%+'5%'/&%'$7+>&9*'()'.%&,/(+39*'
7-0+'0&1(+/&9'0../)(0+)*'-%&4%.,39'&(>$,'/+1'-&0-%&*'/+1'./++0,'8())'2%(+>'
/--&06%1'04'/)')7.$'29'%6%&9'2019<'@0,$(+>*'$05%6%&*'.0731'2%'80&%'/2)7&1',$/+',0'
)/9'(,'5/)'6(&,707)<''ABCD
In$cases$of$this$kind,$when$we$are$determining$the$degree$of$blame$or$applause$which$
seems$due$to$any$action,$we$very$frequently$make$use$of$two$different$standards.$The$
first$is$the$idea$of$complete$propriety$and$perfection,$which,$in$those$difficult$
situations,$no$human$conduct$ever$did,$or$ever$can$come$up$to;$and$in$comparison$
with$which$the$actions$of$all$men$must$for$ever$appear$blameable$and$imperfect.$The$
second$is$the$idea$of$that$degree$of$proximity$or$distance$from$this$complete$
perfection,$which$the$actions$of$the$greater$part$of$men$commonly$arrive$at.$
Whatever$goes$beyond$this$degree,$how$far$soever$it$may$be$removed$from$absolute$
perfection,$seems$to$deserve$applause;$and$whatever$falls$short$of$it,$to$deserve$
blame.$(26)
E%+%4(.%+.%*',$%&%40&%*'()'3%))'%))%+,(/3',0',$%'%F(),%+.%'04')0.(%,9',$/+'G7),(.%<'
#0.(%,9'8/9')72)(),*',$07>$'+0,'(+',$%'80),'.0840&,/23%'),/,%*'5(,$07,'2%+%4(.%+.%:'
27,',$%'-&%6/3%+.%'04'(+G7),(.%'87),'7,,%&39'1%),&09'(,<'AHID
E%+%4(.%+.%'()'+/,7&/339'0..7&&(+>'(+'$78/+)*'5$(3%'/'.0+.%-,'04'G7),(.%'()'+0,J'
Though$Nature,$therefore,$exhorts$mankind$to$acts$of$beneficence,$by$the$pleasing$
consciousness$of$deserved$reward,$she$has$not$thought$it$necessary$to$guard$and$
enforce$the$practice$of$it$by$the$terrors$of$merited$punishment$in$case$it$should$be$
neglected.$(86)
K7),(.%*'0+',$%'.0+,&/&9*'()',$%'8/(+'-(33/&',$/,'7-$031)',$%'5$03%'%1(4(.%<'L4'(,'()'
&%806%1*',$%'>&%/,*',$%'(88%+)%'4J/2&(.'04'$78/+')0.(%,9*',$/,'4/2&(.'5$(.$',0'&/()%'
/+1')7--0&,')%%8)'(+',$()'50&31*'(4'L'8/9')/9')0*',0'$/6%'2%%+',$%'-%.73(/&'/+1'
1/&3(+>'./&%'04'@/,7&%*'87),'(+'/'808%+,'.&7823%'(+,0'/,08) […]$Men,$though$
naturally$sympathetic,$feel$so$little$for$another,$with$whom$they$have$no$particular$
connexion,$in$comparison$of$what$they$feel$for$themselves;$the$misery$of$one,$who$is$
merely$their$fellow-creature,$is$of$so$little$ importance$to$them$in$comparison$even$of$
a$small$conveniency$of$their$own;$they$have$it$so$much$in$their$power$to$hurt$him,$and$
may$have$so$many$temptations$to$do$so,$that$if$this$principle$ did$not$stand$up$within$
them$in$his$defence,$and$overawe$them$into$a$respect$for$his$innocence,$they$would,$
like$wild$beasts,$be$at$all$times$ready$to$fly$upon$him;$and$a$man$would$enter$an$
assembly$of$men$as$he$enters$a$den$of$lions.$$(86)
As$society$cannot$subsist$unless$the$laws$of$justice$are$tolerably$observed,$as$no$social$
intercourse$can$take$place$among$men$who$do$not$generally$abstain$from$injuring$one$
another$(87)
MN%'()')%+)(23%',00',$/,'$()'05+'(+,%&%),'()'.0++%.,%1'5(,$',$%'-&0)-%&(,9'04')0.(%,9*'
/+1',$/,',$%'$/--(+%))*'-%&$/-)',$%'-&%)%&6/,(0+'04'$()'%F(),%+.%*'1%-%+1)'7-0+'(,)'
-&%)%&6/,(0+<'=-0+'%6%&9'/..07+,*',$%&%40&%*'$%'$/)'/+'/2$0&&%+.%'/,'5$/,%6%&'./+'
,%+1',0'1%),&09')0.(%,9*'/+1'()'5(33(+>',0'8/?O%'7)%'04'%6%&9'8%/+)*'5$(.$'./+'
$(+1%&')0'$/,%1'/+1')0'1&%/1473'/+'%6%+,M'AHHD
L8-/&,(/3'#-%.,/,0&J
"But,$in$order$to$attain$this$satisfaction,$we$must$become$the$impartial$spectators$of$
our$own$character$and$conduct.$We$must$endeavour$to$view$them$with$the$eyes$of$
other$people,$or$as$other$people$are$likely$ to$view$them.$When$seen$in$this$light,$if$
they$appear$to$us$as$we$wish,$we$are$happy$and$contented."$(114)
We$are$pleased,$not$only$with$praise,$but$with$having$done$what$is$praise-worthy$
(115)
P$%+'$%'6(%5)'(,'(+',$%'3(>$,'(+'5$(.$',$%'(8-/&,(/3')-%.,/,0&'50731'6(%5'(,*'$%'
,$0&07>$39'%+,%&)'(+,0'/33',$%'80,(6%)'5$(.$'(+437%+.%1'(,'AQQCD
M@/,7&%*'5$%+')$%'40&8%1'8/+'40&')0.(%,9*'%+105%1'$(8'5(,$'/+'0&(>(+/3'1%)(&%',0'
-3%/)%*'/+1'/+'0&(>(+/3'/6%&)(0+',0'044%+1'$()'2&%,$&%+<'#$%',/7>$,'$(8',0'4%%3'
-3%/)7&%'(+',$%(&'4/607&/23%*'/+1'-/(+'(+',$%(&'7+4/607&/23%'&%>/&1<'#$%'&%+1%&%1'
,$%(&'/--&02/,(0+'80),'43/,,%&(+>'/+1'80),'/>&%%/23%',0'$(8'40&'(,)'05+')/?%:'/+1'
,$%(&'1()/--&02/,(0+'80),'80&,(49(+>'/+1'80),'044%+)(6%M'AQQID'
ME7,',$()'1%)(&%'04',$%'/--&02/,(0+*'/+1',$()'/6%&)(0+',0',$%'1()/--&02/,(0+'04'$()'
2&%,$&%+*'50731'+0,'/30+%'$/6%'&%+1%&%1'$(8'4(,'40&',$/,')0.(%,9'40&'5$(.$'$%'5/)'
8/1%<'@/,7&%*'/..0&1(+>39*'$/)'%+105%1'$(8*'+0,'0+39'5(,$'/'1%)(&%'04'2%(+>'
/--&06%1'04*'27,'5(,$'/'1%)(&%'04'2%(+>'5$/,'07>$,',0'2%'/--&06%1'04:'0&'04'2%(+>'
5$/,'$%'$(8)%34'/--&06%)'04'(+'0,$%&'8%+<'!$%'4(&),'1%)(&%'.0731'0+39'$/6%'8/1%'
$(8'5()$',0'/--%/&',0'2%'4(,'40&')0.(%,9<'!$%')%.0+1'5/)'+%.%))/&9'(+'0&1%&',0'&%+1%&'
$(8'/+F(07)',0'2%'&%/339'4(,<'!$%'4(&),'.0731'0+39'$/6%'-&08-,%1'$(8',0',$%'
/44%.,/,(0+'04'6(&,7%*'/+1',0',$%'.0+.%/38%+,'04'6(.%<'!$%')%.0+1'5/)'+%.%))/&9'(+'
0&1%&',0'(+)-(&%'$(8'5(,$',$%'&%/3'306%'04'6(&,7%*'/+1'5(,$',$%'&%/3'/2$0&&%+.%'04'
6(.%<'L+'%6%&9'5%33R40&8%1'8(+1',$()')%.0+1'1%)(&%')%%8)',0'2%',$%'),&0+>%),'04',$%'
,50<'L,'()'0+39',$%'5%/?%),'/+1'80),')7-%&4(.(/3'04'8/+?(+1'5$0'./+'2%'87.$'
1%3(>$,%1'5(,$',$/,'-&/()%'5$(.$',$%9',$%8)%36%)'?+05',0'2%'/3,0>%,$%&'7+8%&(,%1M'
AQQID<
His$self·approbation,$in$this$case,$stands$in$need$of$no$confirmation$from$the$
approbation$of$other$men.$It$is$alone$sufficient,$and$he$is$contented$with$it.$This$self-
approbation,$if$not$the$only,$is$at$least$the$principal$object,$about$which$he$can$or$
ought$to$be$anxious.$The$love$of$it,$is$the$love$of$virtue.$(117)
"We$dread$the$thought$of$doing$$any$thing$which$can$render$us$the$just$and$proper$
objects$of$the$hatred$and$contempt$of$our$fellow-creatures"$(117-118)$-- included$in$
beneficence$is$the$innate$fear$of$engaging$in$behavior$that$could$result$in$being$hated$
or$disapproved$of
To$persons$in$such$unfortunate$circumstances,$that$humble$philosophy$which$
confines$its$views$to$this$life,$can$afford,$perhaps,$but$little$consolation.$Every$thing$
that$could$render$either$life$or$death$respectable$is$taken$from$them.$They$are$
condemned$to$death$and$to$everlasting$infamy.$Religion$can$alone$afford$them$any$
effectual$comfort.$She$alone$can$tell$them,$that$it$is$of$little$ importance$what$man$
may$think$of$their$conduct,$while$the$all-seeing$Judge$of$the$world$approves$of$it.$She$
alone$can$present$to$them$the$view$of$another$world;$a$world$of$more$candour,$
humanity,$and$justice,$than$the$present;$where$their$innocence$is$in$due$time$to$be$
declared,$and$their$virtue$to$be$finally$rewarded:$and$the$same$great$principle$which$
can$alone$strike$terror$into$triumphant$vice,$affords$the$only$effectual$consolation$to$
disgraced$and$insulted$innocence.$(120-121)
As$he$grows$up.$he$soon$learns$that$some$care$and$foresight$are$necessary$for$
providing$the$means$of$gratifying$those$natural$appetites,$of$procuring$pleasure$
and$avoiding$pain
•
"THE$preservation$and$healthful$state$of$the$body$seem$to$be$the$objects$which$
Nature$first$recommends$to$the$care$of$every$individual$[…]$The$first$lessons$which$he$
is$taught$by$those$to$whom$his$childhood$is$entrusted,$tend,$the$greater$part$of$them,$
to$the$same$purpose.$Their$principal$object$is$to$teach$him$how$to$keep$out$of$harm's$
way"$(212)
E%+%4(.%+.%'%F(),(+>'+/,7&/339'(+'+/,7&%*'5$(3%'6(.%'./7)%1'29'6/+(,9'./+'
(8-%1%'0+',$()'A89'50&1)D
•
"We$suffer$more,$it$has$already$been$observed,$1$when$we$fall$from$a$better$to$
a$worse$situation,$than$we$ever$enjoy$when$we$rise$from$a$worse$to$a$better."$
(213)
•
"Security,$therefore,$is$the$first$and$the$principal$object$of$prudence.$It$is$averse$
to$expose$our$health,$our$fortune,$our$rank,$or$reputation,$to$any$sort$of$
hazard."
•
"The$desire$of$becoming$the$proper$objects$of$this$respect,$of$deserving$and$obtaining$
this$credit$and$rank$among$our$equals,$is,$perhaps,$the$strongest$of$all$our$desires,$and$
our$anxiety$to$obtain$the$advantages$of$fortune$is$accordingly$much$more$excited$and$
irritated$by$this$desire,$than$by$that$of$supplying$all$the$necessities$and$
cconvenienciesc$of$the$body,$which$are$always$very$easily$supplied"$(213)
Prudence$[…]$is$regarded$as$a$most$respectable$and$even,$in$some$degree,$as$an$
amiable$and$agreeable$quality,$yet$it$never$is$considered$as$one,$either$of$the$most$
endearing,$or$of$the$most$ennobling$of$the$virtues$(216)
MP()%'/+1'G71(.(07)'.0+17.,*'5$%+'1(&%.,%1',0'>&%/,%&'/+1'+023%&'-7&-0)%)',$/+'
,$%'./&%'04',$%'$%/3,$*',$%'40&,7+%*',$%'&/+?'/+1'&%-7,/,(0+'04',$%'(+1(6(17/3*'()'
4&%;7%+,39'/+1'6%&9'-&0-%&39'./33%1'-&71%+.%<'P%',/3?'04',$%'-&71%+.%'04',$%'>&%/,'
>%+%&/3*'04',$%'>&%/,'),/,%)8/+*'04',$%'>&%/,'3%>()3/,0&<'S&71%+.%'()*'(+'/33',$%)%'
./)%)*'.082(+%1'5(,$'8/+9'>&%/,%&'/+1'80&%')-3%+1(1'6(&,7%)*'5(,$'6/307&*'5(,$'
%F,%+)(6%'/+1'),&0+>'2%+%603%+.%*'5(,$'/')/.&%1'&%>/&1',0',$%'&73%)'04'G7),(.%*'/+1'
/33',$%)%')7--0&,%1'29'/'-&0-%&'1%>&%%'04')%34R.088/+1<'!$()')7-%&(0&'-&71%+.%*'
5$%+'./&&(%1',0',$%'$(>$%),'1%>&%%'04'-%&4%.,(0+*'+%.%))/&(39')7--0)%)',$%'/&,*',$%'
,/3%+,*'/+1',$%'$/2(,'0&'1()-0)(,(0+'04'/.,(+>'5(,$',$%'80),'-%&4%.,'-&0-&(%,9'(+'
%6%&9'-0))(23%'.(&.78),/+.%'/+1')(,7/,(0+M'ABQIDM'
"Mere$imprudence$[…]$When$combined$with$other$vices$[…]$aggravates$in$the$highest$
degree$the$infamy$and$disgrace$which$would$otherwise$attend$them.$The$artful$knave,$
whose$dexterity$and$address$exempt$him,$though$not$from$strong$suspicions,$yet$
from$punishment$or$distinct$detection,$is$too$often$received$in$the$world$with$an$
indulgence$which$he$by$no$means$deserves"$(216)
MT)'-&71%+.%'.082(+%1'5(,$'0,$%&'6(&,7%)*'.0+),(,7,%)',$%'+023%),:')0'(8-&71%+.%'
.082(+%1'5(,$'0,$U&'6(.%)*'.0+),(,7,%)',$%'6(3%),'04'/33'.$/&/.,%&)'ABQVDM
"This$universal$benevolence,$how$noble$and$generous$soeve.r,$can$be$the$source$of$no$
solid$happiness$to$any$man$who$:is$not$thoroughly$convinced$that$all$the$inhabitants$
of$the$universe,$the$meanest$as$well$as$the$greatest,$are$under$the$immediate$care$
and$protection$of$that$great,$benevolent,$and$all~wise$Being,$who$directs$all$the$
movements$of$nature;$and$who$is$determined,$by$his$own$unalterable$perfections,$to$
maintain$in$it,$at$all$times,$the$greatest$possible$quantity$of$happiness."
M!$%'5()%'/+1'6(&,707)'8/+'()'/,'/33',(8%)'5(33(+>',$/,'$()'05+'-&(6/,%'(+,%&%),'
)$0731'2%')/.&(4(.%1',0',$%'-723(.'(+,%&%),'04'$()'05+'-/&,(.73/&'0&1%&'0&')0.(%,9.$He$
is$at$all$times$willing,$too,$that$the$interest$of$this$order$or$society$should$be$sacrificed$
to$the$greater$interest$of$the$state$or$sovereignty,$of$which$it$is$only$a$subordinate$
part.$He$should,$therefore,$be$equally$willing$that$all$those$inferior$interests$should$be$
sacrificed$to$the$greater$interest$of$the$universe,$to$the$interest$of$that$great$society$
of$all$sensible$and$intclligent$beings,$of$which$God$himself$is$the$immediate$
administrator$and$director"$(235)
M!$%'/18(+(),&/,(0+'04',$%'>&%/,')9),%8'04',$%'7+(6%&)%*'W$05%6%&*',$%'./&%'04',$%'
7+(6%&)/3'$/--(+%))'04'/33'&/,(0+/3'/+1')%+)(23%'2%(+>)*'()',$%'27)(+%))'04'X01'/+1'
+0,'04'8/+<'!0'8/+'()'/330,,%1'/'87.$'$7823%&'1%-/&,8%+,*'27,'0+%'87.$'80&%'
)7(,/23%',0',$%'5%/?+%))'04'$()'-05%&)*'/+1',0',$%'+/&&05+%))'04'$()'
.08-&%$%+)(0+:',$%'./&%'04'$()'05+'$/--(+%))*'04',$/,'04'$()'4/8(39*'$()'4&(%+1)*'$()'
.033+,&9J',$/,'$%'()'0..7-(%1'(+'.0+,%8-3/,(+>',$%'80&%')723(8%*'./+'+%6%&'2%'/+'
%F.7)%'40&'$()'+%>3%.,(+>',$%'80&%'$7823%'1%-/&,8%+,M'ABYVD<
!NZ')9),%8'5$(.$'8/?%)'6(&,7%'.0+)(),'(+'2%+%603%+.% […]$seems$to$have$been$the$
doctrine$of$the$greater$part$of$those$philosophers$who,$about$and$after$the$age$of$
Augustus,$called$themselves$Eclectics,$who$pretended$to$follow$chiefly$the$opinions$of$
Plato$and$Pythagoras,$and$who$upon$that$account$are$.0880+39'?+05+'29',$%'+/8%'
04',$%'3/,%&'S3/,0+(),)<'AY[[D
This$system,$as$it$was$much$esteemed$by$many$ancient$fathers$of$the$Christian$
church$(301)
•
!$/,'6(&,7%'.0+)(),)'(+'2%+%603%+.%'()'/'+0,(0+')7--0&,%1'29'8/+9'
/--%/&/+.%)'(+'$78/+'+/,7&%<'L,'$/)'2%%+'02)%&6%1'/3&%/19*',$/,'-&0-%&'
2%+%603%+.%'()',$%'80),'>&/.%473'/+1'/>&%%/23%'04'/33',$%'/44%.,(0+)*',$/,'(,'()'
&%.088%+1%1',0'7)'29'/'10723%')98-/,$9*',$/,'/)'(,)',%+1%+.9'()'+%.%))/&(39'
2%+%4(.%+,*'(,'()',$%'-&0-%&'02G%.,'04'>&/,(,71%'/+1'&%5/&1*'/+1',$/,'7-0+'/33'
,$%)%'/..07+,)'(,'/--%/&)',0'07&'+/,7&/3')%+,(8%+,)',0'-0))%))'/'8%&(,'
)7-%&(0&',0'/+9'0,$%&'AY[QD
•
M#(+.%*',$%&%40&%*',$%'8(F,7&%'04'/+9')%34()$'80,(6%*'3(?%',$/,'04'/'2/)%&'/3309*'
1(8(+()$%1'0&',00?'/5/9'/3,0>%,$%&',$%'8%&(,'5$(.$'50731'0,$%&5()%'$/6%'
2%30+>%1',0'/+9'/.,(0+*'(,'5/)'%6(1%+,*'$%'(8/>(+%1',$/,'6(&,7%'87),'.0+)(),'(+'
-7&%'/+1'1()(+,%&%),%1'2%+%603%+.%'/30+%<'MAY[BD
•
P$%+',$0)%'/.,(0+)*'0+',$%'.0+,&/&9*'5$(.$'/&%'.0880+39')7--0)%1',0'
-&0.%%1'4&08'/')%34()$'80,(6%*'/&%'1().06%&%1',0'$/6%'/&()%+'4&08'/'
2%+%603%+,'0+%*'(,'>&%/,39'%+$/+.%)'07&')%+)%'04',$%(&'8%&(,<'L4'5%'2%3(%6%1'04'
/+9'-%&)0+',$/,'$%'%+1%/607&%1',0'/16/+.%'$()'40&,7+%'4&08'+0'0,$%&'6(%5'
27,',$/,'04'10(+>'4&(%+139'044(.%)*'/+1'04'8/?(+>'-&0-%&'&%,7&+)',0'$()'
2%+%4/.,0&)*'5%')$0731'0+39'306%'/+1'%),%%8'$(8',$%'80&%<'T+1',$()'
02)%&6/,(0+')%%8%1'),(33'80&%',0'.0+4(&8',$%'.0+.37)(0+* ,$/,'(,'5/)'
2%+%603%+.%'0+39'5$(.$'.0731'),/8-'7-0+'/+9'/.,(0+',$%'.$/&/.,%&'04'6(&,7%<''
AY[BD
•
Since$benevolence,$therefore,$was$the$only$motive$which$could$bestow$upon$
any$action$the$character$of$virtue,$the$greater$the$benevolence$which$was$
evidenced$by$any$action,$the$greater$the$praise$which$must$belong$to$it.$
•
The$most$virtuous$of$aJI$affections,$therefore,$was$that$which$embraced$as$its$
object$the$happiness$of$all$intelligent$beings.$The$le~t$virtuous,$on$the$contrary,$
of$those$to$which$the$character$of$virtue$could$in$any$respect$belong,$was$that$
which$aimed$no$further$than$at$the$happiness$of$an$individ!ual,$such$as$a$son,$a$
brother,$a$friend.$
•
Those$three$systems,$that$which$places$virtue$in$propriety,$that$which$places$it$
in$prudence,$and$that$which$makes$it$consist$in$benevolence,$are$the$principal$
accounts$which$have$been$given$of$the$nature$of$virtue$(305)
•
E%+%603%+.%*'$05%6%&*'5/)'),(33',$%')7-&%8%'/+1'>06%&+(+>'/,,&(27,%,$to$which$the$
others$were$subservient,$and$from$which$the$whole$excellency,$or$the$whole$morality,$
if$I$may$be$allowed$such$an$expression,$of$the$divine$operations,$was$ultimately$
derived.$The$whole$perfection$and$virtue$of$the$human$mind$consisted$in$some$
resemblance$or$participation$of$the$divine$perfections,$and,$consequently$(300)
MZ6%&9'/44%.,(0+'()'7)%473'5$%+'(,'()'.0+4(+%1',0'/'.%&,/(+'1%>&%%'04'801%&/,(0+:'/+1'
%6%&9'/44%.,(0+'()'1()/16/+,/>%07)'5$%+'(,'%F.%%1)',$%'-&0-%&'207+1)<'T..0&1(+>',0'
,$()')9),%8',$%&%40&%*'6(&,7%'.0+)(),)'+0,'(+'/+9'0+%'/44%.,(0+*'27,'(+',$%'-&0-%&'
1%>&%%'04'/33',$%'/44%.,(0+)<M'AY[ID
MWe$may$learn$from$the$system$of$Epicurus,$though$undoubtedly$the$bmost$
imperfect&$of$all$the$three,$how$much$the$practice$of$both$the$amiable$and$
respectable$virtues$is$conducive$to$our$own$interest,$to$our$own$ease$and$safety$and$
quiet$even$in$this$life.$T)'Z-(.7&7)'-3/.%1'$/--(+%))'(+',$%'/,,/(+8%+,'04'%/)%'/+1'
)%.7&(,9*'$%'%F%&,%1'$(8)%34'(+'/'-/&,(.73/&'8/++%&',0')$05',$/,'6(&,7%'5/)*'+0,'
8%&%39',$%'2%),'/+1',$%')7&%),*'27,',$%'0+39'8%/+)'04'/.;7(&(+>',$0)%'(+6/37/23%'
-0))%))(0+)<'M'AY[VD
\+']&<'"/+1%6(33%J
!$%&%'()*'$05%6%&*'/+0,$%&')9),%8'5$(.$')%%8).',0',/?%'/5/9'/3,0>%,$%&',$%'
1(),(+.,(0+'2%,5%%+'6(.%'/+1'6(&,7%*'/+1'04'5$(.$',$%',%+1%+.9'()*'7-0+',$/,'
/..07+,*'5$0339'-%&+(.(07)J'L'8%/+'M,$%')9),%8'04']&<'"/+1%6(33%.$Though$the$
notions$of$this$author"$are$in$almost$every$respect$erroneous,$there$are,$however,$
some$appearances$in$human$nature,$which,$when$viewed$in$a$certain$manner,$seem$
at$first$sight$to$favour$them.$tThese,$described$and$exaggerated$by$the$lively$and$
humorous,$though$coarse$and$rustic$eloquence$of$Dr.$Mandeville,$have$thrown$upon$
his$doctrinest$an$air$of$truth$and$probability$which$is$very$apt$to$impose$upon$the$
unsk.ilful.$(308)
"Dr.$Mandeville'$considers$whatever$is$done$from$a$sense$of$propriety,$from$a$regard$
to$what$is$commendable$and$praise-worthy,$as$being$done$from$a$love$of$praise$and$
commendation,$or$as$he$calls$it$from$vanity"$(308)
"Among$his$other$selfish$passions,$vanity$is$one$of$the$strongest,$and$he$is$
always$easily$flattered$and$greatly$delighted$with$the$applauses$of$those$about$
him.$"$(308)
•
T33'-723(.')-(&(,*',$%&%40&%*'/33'-&%4%&%+.%'04'-723(.',0'-&(6/,%'(+,%&%),*'()*'/..0&1(+>'
,0'$(8*'/'8%&%'.$%/,'/+1'(8-0)(,(0+'7-0+'8/+?(+1:'/+1',$/,'$78/+'6(&,7%'5$(.$'()'
)0'87.$'20/),%1'04*'/+1'5$(.$'()',$%'0../)(0+'04')0'87.$'%873/,(0+'/80+>'8%+*'()'
,$%'8%&%'044)-&(+>'04'43/,,%&9'2%>0,'7-0+'-&(1%'AY[^D
The$decision$of$this$question$is$not,$I$apprehend,$of$any$importance$towards$
establishing$the$reality$of$virtue,$since$self-love$may$frequently$be$a$virtuous$motive$
of$action.$L')$/33'0+39'%+1%/60&',0')$05',$/,',$%'1%)(&%'04'10(+>'5$/,'()'$0+07&/23%'
/+1'+023%*'04'&%+1%&(+>'07&)%36%)',$%'-&0-%&'02G%.,)'04'%),%%8'/+1'/--&02/,(0+*'
./++0,'5(,$'/+9'-&0-&(%,9'2%'./33%1'6/+(,9< Even$the$love$of$well-grounded$fame$and$
reputation,$the$desire$of$acquiring$esteem$by$what$is$really$estimable,$does$not$
deserve$that$name.$The$first$is$the$love$of$virtue,$the$noblest$and$the$best$passion$
(309)
The$man$who$desires$esteem$for$what$is$really$estimable,$desires$nothing$but$what$he$
is$justly$entitled$to,$and$what$cannot$be$refused$him$without$some$sort$of$injury.$$
(310)
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.0+6%+(%+,'$/2(,/,(0+<'AYQBD
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)0&,'04'&%)%823/+.%',0',$%',&7,$<M'AYQYD
9/20/17
Wednesday,$ September$ 20,$2017 11:12$AM
Document Summary
For what was well done for a time. Still finding and correcting flaws, they mended by inconstancy. The same may be said not only of card and dice-makers, that are the immediate. Ministers to a legion of vices; but a of mercers, upholsterers, tailors, and many others, that would be starv"d in half a year"s time, if pride and luxury were at once to be banished the nation. But if we would set in a true light the many advantages, and large catalogue of solid. Blessings that accrue from, and are owing to the evil i treat of, we are to consider the. Rents that are received, the ground that is till"d, the tools that are made, the cattle that are employ"d, and above all, the multitude of poor that are maintain"d, by the. Variety of la-[90]bour, requireda in husbandry, in malting, in carriage and [92] distillation, before we can have the a product of malt, which we call low.
