PSYC 256 Lecture Notes - Lecture 14: Wine Bottle, Episodic Memory, Multivac
13 Jun 2018
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MEMORY ERRORS
Schemas
• An organized knowledge structure that reflects an individual’s knowledge,
experience, and expectations about some aspect of the world; abstract way of
thinking, doing, being)
• Can be used at encoding or retrieval
• Fitting into already established structures
How Schemas are Used
• To comprehend sentences, to understand sensations, to organize information, to
make predictions, and to foster expectations Bartlett; understanding
written/spoken language
• How an episodic memory is (re)constructed depends on the semantic schema that is
active
o Interplay between episodic/semantic
Bartlett (1932)
• Identified schemas as means of memory reconstruction
• The War of the Ghosts serial recall paradigm
o Native american folktale
o Changes were made to the story
o Omitted information
o Simplified information for better recall
o Errors were systematic/predictively influenced
Schemas
• 1.
Good recall
Poor recall
Schema-consistent
Desk, chairs
Books, computer
Schema-inconsistent
Skull
Picnic basket, wine bottle
• Ask participants to wait in waiting room, then ask them what they saw/remember
from the waiting room → actual experiment
• 2. Subjects asked to adopt a particular identity:
o Home-buyer
o Burglar
• Then read a passage about two boys playing hooky from school…
• Coding: Burglar Items (18)(things you could take); Homebuyer items (18)
(permanent stuff like bedroom)
find more resources at oneclass.com
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•
• Recall #1
o
• Recall #2: Switch perspectives
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find more resources at oneclass.com
o
• #2: forgot 1-2 items they used to remember, but now remember 1-2 new items
• Most of the time, things are typical
o Economy of memory storage
• Sometimes maladaptive; over-rely on them sometimes
DRM False Memory Paradigm
• At study, present S with list of related words
• At test, present S with standard recognition memory test including a critical lure;
words not shown
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Identified schemas as means of memory reconstruction (cid:498)the war of the ghosts(cid:499) serial recall paradigm: native american folktale, changes were made to the story, omitted information, simplified information for better recall, errors were systematic/predictively influenced. Picnic basket, wine bottle: ask participants to wait in waiting room, then ask them what they saw/remember, 2. Drm paradigm: not every list works: lists vary in effectiveness in producing the illusion, defining what it means to be associated. Increasing vividness and belief in memory by encouraging elaboration: photographs similarly enhance the effect, are relatively easy to implant. )magination inflation (cid:523)(cid:498)imagine this, imagine that(cid:499)(cid:524: staged photos photoshop, real photos same story false memory endorsement, e. g. , bugs bunny (cid:523)warner bros(cid:524) at disneyland impossible but believed. *there needs to be some delay but not childhood specific: plausibility/authority matters. Eyewitness testimony: acknowledge omission, particularly important in the forensic sense for witnesses, assumptions, memory for an event is veridical (cid:523)accurate/truthful(cid:524) usually accurate but not perfect.
