HIST 404 Lecture 1: History 404 Notes (All Lecture Notes)
3 Jun 2018
Department
Course
Professor
History 404 Notes
• Positions on Slavery
-Abolitionists-immediate end
-Anti-Slavery/Unionists-No expansion of Slavery
-Pro-Slavery/States Rights- federal government could not regulate slavery in states
-Fire-eaters- support secession
• Prelude to Fort Sumter
-Gulf of Squadron of Secession: South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama,
Georgia, Louisiana, Texas
• Establishing the Confederate States of America
-- Montgomery, AL- February 1861
--Undecided States (up into April 12): Upper South (Virginia, Arkansas, North
Carolina, and Tennessee), Border States (Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, and
Missouri)
• Coercion is the key to decision
• Fort Sumter Attacked April 12, 1861
-Liols Deisio
-April 6th—Lincoln informed SC governor navy would re-supply provisions only.
-Davis Decision- April 9th ordered attack on fort.
-First Shots of the Civil War- 4:30am—battle lasted 33 hours. Surrender-2:30pm April
14th
• Expanding Conflict/Choosing Sides
-Liols Call fo Toops
-April 15th—requested 75,000 militia to put down rebellion. 90 days.
-Northern Response: Attack on Fort Sumter rallied Northerners to volunteer against
treason
-Uppe “ouths ‘espose: Lukea seessioists ieed oeio as itoleale.
Undermined unionist sentiment in Upper South
• Upper South Secession
-Virginia—seceded April 17th; vote 88-55. Confederate capital—Richmond Industry,
Manpower, Officers
-Other States—North Carolina, Tennessee Arkansas seceded in May 1861, Vital
sources of manpower
• Border States
-Border States could tip military balance.
-Strategic political struggle for KY, MO, MD
-Kentucky—officially neutral, respected by Lincoln. Legislature majority (70%)
Unionists. 5 of 6 congressional seats.
-Neutrality violated by Confederate control of Columbus, KY on Sept. 3rd.
• Missouri
--Gov. Jackson supported Confederacy.
--State militia threatened U.S. arsenal in St. Louis.
find more resources at oneclass.com
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-Capt. Nathaniel Lyon—organized militia loyal to U.S. Many German-American
Immigrants
-May 10—disguised Lyon scouted rebel camp, surrounded, captured 700. Mob
attaked Los toops, iilias soldies killed.
-Los toops seued “t. Louis, the state apital of Jeffeso Cit. Missouias took
sides—iil a ithi a iil a
-Both governments claimed MO, but the Union held the upper hand; controlled St.
Louis, 75% of eligible white males fought for the North
• Maryland
Gov. Hicks was Unionist. Baltimore & east Maryland supported the South.
-April 19, 1861—Baltimore mob attacked U.S. troops (6th MA); 4 soldiers & 12
citizens killed.
-Pro-Southern groups burned railroad bridges, cut telegraph lines; isolated
Washington, D.C. from North.
-Liol suspeded haeas opus & delaed atial la.
-Ex-parte Merryman—Southern sympathizer arrested for bridge burning.
-May 26—Chief Justice Taney issued Writ of habeas corpus. Lincoln argued crisis
warranted holding Merryman without trial. Martial law only temporary but
necessary
-MD stayed in Union; 66% fought for North.
• Other Areas of Conflicted Loyalties
-West Virginia- weak support for secession. June 11—creation of pro—Union
government in Wheeling led by Francis Pierpoint.
-recognized by U.S.; seated 2 senators and 3 congressmen.
- (June-July) Gen. George B. McClellan (US) occupied western VA.
- (Sept) Gen. Robert E. Lee (CSA)
• East Tennessee
-“tog Uioist setiet led Paso Willia Bolo & Ade Johso.
-Eastern TN not occupied by Union forces until late 1863 Unionists suffered at the
hands of Confederates.
-30,000 troops from East TN fought for the North; most from any southern state.
• Analysis of Choosing Sides
-Liols autio KY ad foe MD kept to ital Bode “tates i the Uio.
-CSA did recruit troops from MD, KY, MO; Border States furnished Union armies with
more men.
-Geography biggest factor in choosing sides
Learning Curve of War 1861-1862
Balance Sheet of War
• Union Advantages: Population-22 million in North, 9 million in the South (4 million
slaves)
• Industrial Capacity: Firearms-97%, Cloth (94%), Pig Iron (93%), Shoes (90%)
• Naval Power-existing navy & almost all shipbuilding capacity
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find more resources at oneclass.com
Confederate Advantages
• Defese/Iteio Lies: Cofedea did ot hae to i. Ol ot lose
• Offense/Defensive Strategy: Use interior lines of transportation to transfer troops
to weak points. Only attack at opportune moments after a defensive victory
Leaderships
• Early in the war, the South had better officers: Robert E. Lee, Albert Sidney Johnston,
Thomas Jackson, J.E.B Stuart
• Bureaucrats-Josiah Gorgas, head of Ordnance Bureau.
• Unified purpose of independence
Mobilization
• Spring/Early Summer 1861, volunteers eagerly joined armies.
• Factors: Adventure, pressure from women. Many naïve about reality of war.
• Northern Mobilization: 2.5 to 1 edge in manpower over South Lincoln requested 1
million three year volunteers in July
• Southern Mobilization: private military units, state militias already organized; turned
over to CSA
• March 6—Congress requested 100,000 volunteers, 12 month service.
• 2.1 million Northerners & 800,000 southerners took up arms.
• 75% of eligible white males in South.
Military Organization
• Units (approximate sizes listed)
• Company: 100 men, same home area
• Regiment: 1,000 men, state region
• Brigade: 3-4,000 troops, often 4 regiments, led by Brig. Gen.
• Division: 8-12,000 troops, 3 or 4 brigades led by Major General.
• Corps: 24-36,000 troops, often 3 divisions. Veteran Maj. Genl.
• Some units organized based on ethnic identity: 69th-NY—Irish American, 54th MA—
African American, 9th WI—German American
• New units were created instead of reinforcing old ones
Leadership
• Election—early in the war, both sides allowed for election for non-commissioned
officers. Popularity not experience counted.
• Political Officers—prominent politicians could win appointment to lead. Lacked
professional military training
• Military Schools-Both sides relied on graduates of military academies, and officers
with experience in War with Mexico.
• Leadership was vital to Civil War armies.
• % of officers killed in combat, 15% higher than enlisted men: generals 50% higher!
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Pro-slavery/states rights- federal government could not regulate slavery in states. Fire-eaters- support secession: prelude to fort sumter. Gulf of squadron of secession: south carolina, mississippi, florida, alabama, Georgia, louisiana, texas: establishing the confederate states of america. -undecided states (up into april 12): upper south (virginia, arkansas, north. Carolina, and tennessee), border states (kentucky, maryland, delaware, and. Missouri: coercion is the key to decision, fort sumter attacked april 12, 1861. April 6th lincoln informed sc governor navy would re-supply provisions only. Davis decision- april 9th ordered attack on fort. First shots of the civil war- 4:30am battle lasted 33 hours. April 15th requested 75,000 militia to put down rebellion. Northern response: attack on fort sumter rallied northerners to volunteer against treason. Uppe(cid:396) outh(cid:859)s espo(cid:374)se: luke(cid:449)a(cid:396)(cid:373) se(cid:272)essio(cid:374)ists (cid:448)ie(cid:449)ed (cid:272)oe(cid:396)(cid:272)io(cid:374) as i(cid:374)tole(cid:396)a(cid:271)le. Undermined unionist sentiment in upper south: upper south secession. Other states north carolina, tennessee arkansas seceded in may 1861, vital sources of manpower: border states.
