BIOL 221 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Glycogenolysis, Glycogenesis, Gluconeogenesis

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3 Mar 2020

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Gluconeogenesis is the formation of glucose from glycerol (from triglycerides) or amino acids (after conversion to glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate). Glycogenesis is the formation of glycogen from glucose. This process is used to store glucose in the liver and skeletal muscle. Glycogenolysis is the process by which glycogen is broken down into glucose. In the liver the glucose can be released to maintain plasma glucose levels between meals. Review your notes from this topic and from a&p i. Lipogenesis is the formation of lipids from glycerol and fatty acids. stimulate. Glucose and amino acids can be converted either into glycerol or into acetyl-coa. Acetyl-coa can be used to make nonessential fatty acids. Glucose absorbed is either used for energy or stored as glycogen or converted to triglycerides. Amino acids are used for protein synthesis. During the postabsorptive state glucose levels are maintained by gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in the liver, which then releases the glucose into the blood.

Related Questions

16. Muscle glycogen cannot contribute directly to blood glucose levels because:

A. Muscle glycogen cannot be converted to glucose-6-phosphate

B. Muscle lacks glucose-6-phosphatase

C. Muscle contains no glycogen phosphoyrlase

D. Muscle lacks phophoglucoisomerase

_____17. Which of one of the following tissues requires insulin for glucose transport into the cell?

A. Brain

B. Liver

C. Skeletal muscle

D. Red blood cells

_____18. The mobilization of triaclyglycerol-bound fatty acids from adipose tissue and their subsequent oxidation by muscle mitochondria require all of the following compounds except:

A. Serum albumin

B. Carnitine

C. Acetyl CoA carboxylase

D. Hormone sensitive lipase

_____19. Which one of the following reactions is unique to gluconeogenesis?

A. Lactate Â® pyruvate

B. PhosphoenolpyruvateÂ® pyruvate

C. OxalacetateÂ® Phosphoenolpyruvate

D. 1,3bisphosphoglycerate Â® 3-phosphoglycerate

_______20. A newborn vomits after each feeding of milk-based formula and doesnât gain weight. Biochemical testing reveals a sever deficiency of galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase. If this condition goes untreated, which of the following is the likely outcome for this patient?

A. Benign disease except for cataract formation

B. Chronic emphysema appearing in early adulthood

C. Chronic renal failure appearing in adolescence

D. Death in infancy

E. Gastrointestinal symptoms that remit with puberty

7. Fill in the words or phrases that best complete the sentence.

a. ---------------- is the sum of all of the chemical reactions in the body, while -------------- refers to chemical reactions that decompose large molecules into smaller ones.

b.----------------------- is the chemical reaction in which there is a gain of electrons and it is the opposite of --------------------.

c. ----------------------- is a coenzyme that carries hydrogen atoms during coupled ----------------------- reactions in the cell.

d. ----------------------- is made primarily in the mitochondria by a process called ---------------------.

e. --------------------------is a set of reactions in which there is the breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid, and ----------------- is the formation of glucose molecules from noncarbohydrate sources.

f. ---------------------- transport lipids in the bloodstream; they include VLDLs, LDLs, and HDLs. In lipolysis, are split into fatty acids and glycerol -------------------.

g.------------------------ is the molecule that enters the Krebs cycle; it is also used to synthesize fatty acids, ketone bodies, and ---------------.

h. ------------------------- is the primary hormone regulating metabolism during the absorptive state; the major task of the ---------------- state is to maintain the normal blood glucose level.

i. The metabolic rate observed when a fasting individual is resting but awake and is experiencing comfortable conditions is called the------------------- . Peripheral --------------------- allows increased blood flow to superficial tissues of the body to release excess heat.

j. ---------------------- is the most abundant cation in the extracellular fluid; proper levels of this ion are critical for nerve impulse conduction and maintenance of --------------------------------balance.

cerisehippopotamus125

Question 18

The process that forms new glucose in the liver is called ...

	A.	glycogenolysis
	B.	Krebs cycle
	C.	lipolysis
	D.	gluconeogenisis
	E.	oxidative phosphorylation

Question 57

A person exercises in their âfat burning zoneâ for 4 hours at 35% VO₂peak. The O₂ cost of exercise at that work rate is 0.5L/minute. Following exercise the subject rewards himself with an ice-cream sundae (700kcal). The following statement is true(assume 5kcal/lit of O₂):

	A.	The subject is in neutral energy balance
	B.	The subject consumed fewer calories than they expended during exercise
	C.	The subject consumed more calories than they expended during exercise
	D.	Canât say

Question 52

The primary purpose of the citric acid cycle is...

		aerobic glycolysis
		gluconeogenesis using lactate
		the decarboxylation of carbon compounds to produce NADH.
		the shuttling of hydrogen ions through the inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 51

In aerobic ATP production, the role of oxygen is to...

		to keep the electron transport chain operational
		to accept electrons from the 3rd cytochrome and thereby oxidizing it so it can accept new electrons
		act as a oxidizing agent by accepting electrons from the electron transport chain and combining with hydrogen ions (protons)
		all of the above

Question 50

Glucose is necessary for fatty acid oxidation because...

		its derivative, pyruvate, is condensated with carbonic acid to form oxaloacetate, which in turn is a necessary carbon compound in the citric acid cycle
		it is needed to convert fatty acids to fatty acyl-CoA which in turn is oxidized to acetyl CoA
		glucose is decarboxylated into cytochrome oxidase which is a necessary intermediate in the citric acid cycle
		its derivative, acetyl CoA, is condensated with carbonic acid to form lactase, which in turn is a necessary carbon compound in the citric acid cycle

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BIOL 221 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Glycogenolysis, Glycogenesis, Gluconeogenesis

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