BIOL 221 Lecture Notes - Lecture 11: Hypokalemia, Hypoventilation, Alkalosis
6 Mar 2020
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Signs & symptoms: decreased neuromuscular excitability, muscular weakness, mental confusion, cardiac arrhythmias, alkalosis, hypoventilation. Signs & symptoms of hypokalemia include decreased neuromuscular excitability leading to muscular weakness and mental confusion, cardiac arrhythmias, alkalosis, and hypoventilation (to compensate for the alkalosis). (signs are objective measures of disease whereas symptoms are reported by the patient. ) Calcium: chemical symbol: ca2+ (ion, neuron and muscle function, intracellular regulation, maintains normal na+ permeability, exocytosis of neurotransmitter, action potentials in cardiac cells, intracellular messenger, clotting factor iv (topic 1, constituent of bone. Normal plasma calcium levels are between 9 and 11 mg/dl. Calcium regulates muscle contraction in skeletal and cardiac muscle through interaction with troponin-tropomyosin complex and through calmodulin in smooth muscle. It maintains normal sodium permeability of the plasma membrane, causes synaptic vesicle to fuse with plasma membrane, and is responsible for the rapid depolarization in autorhythmic cells and the plateau in contractile cells.
