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CH 461 Lecture Notes - Lecture 14: Cellular Respiration, Catabolism, Phytol

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silvercicada472

10 Jul 2018

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Metabolic energy derives from processes of oxidation and reduction. When energy is consumed in a process, chemical energy is made available for synthesis of atp as one atom gives up electrons (becomes oxidized) and another atom accepts electrons (becomes reduced). For example, observe the following aerobic metabolism of glucose. The carbon in glucose moves from an oxidation state of zero to an oxidation state of +4. Concurrently, elemental oxygen moves from its oxidation state of zero to an oxidation state of 2 during the process. Anaerobic catabolic reactions are similar, although the electron acceptor isn"t oxygen. The next example shows the fermentation of glucose to lactic acid. In this example, the electron acceptor and electron donor are located on the same molecule, but the principle remains the same: one component is oxidized and one is reduced at the same time. Reactions that run in the opposite direction of the preceding ones, particularly the first, must exist.

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Related Questions

Which of the following is common to both aerobic and anaerobicmicrobes?

	Fermentation
	An electron transport chain
	Pyruvate oxidation
	Glycolysis
	All of the above

The primary purpose of catabolism is

	generation of ADP.
	generation of ATP.
	oxidation of NADH to NAD⁺.
	degradation of organic molecules.
	biosynthesis.

What is a fate of pyruvate during alcoholic fermentation byyeast?

	It is reduced to lactic acid.
	It is oxidized to form glucose and carbon dioxide
	It is cleaved to form acetylaldehyde and carbon dioxide.
	It is catabolized in glycolysis.
	It is oxidized to form lactic acid and carbon dioxide.

Electrons needed to reduce an oxidized electron acceptor areprovided by

	a) externally provided compounds such asH<sub>2</sub>, lactate or formate.
	b) an intermediate electron carrier such as NADH.
	c) 0<sub>2</sub>.
	d) Both a and b
	e) All of the above

How are aerobic respiration and anaerobic respirationsimilar?

	Both use oxygen as a terminal electron carrier.
	These are other names for glycolysis.
	Both utilize inorganic molecules as terminal electronacceptors.
	Neither receives electrons from glycolysis.
	Anaerobic respiration does not exist in microbes.

The conversion of phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP) topyruvate

	a) releases CO<sub>2</sub>.
	b) involves the conversion of ADP and ATP.
	c) involves substrate-level phosphorylation.
	d) Both a and b
	e) Both b and c

Which of the following is the best definition offermentation?

	The reduction of glucose to pyruvic acid
	The complete catabolism of glucose to CO₂ andH₂O
	The oxidation of a carbohydrate with organic molecules servingas electron donors and acceptors
	The production of ATP from glucose
	The production of ethanol from glucose

A reaction that yields energy has a

	positive ?G_o?.
	negative ?G_o?.
	positive ?E_o?.
	negative ?E_o?.
	negative ?H_o?.

Oxidation and reduction reactions are always coupledbecause

	a) electrons generally accompany protons.
	b) protons generally accompany protons.
	c) electrons cannot exist free in solution.
	d) Both a and b
	e) All of the above

Which of the following is true of aerobic respiration?

	It involves the reduction of oxygen.
	It involves the oxidation of oxygen.
	It involves the reduction of lactic acid.
	It involves the oxidation of lactic acid.
	It does not generate ATP.

Having trouble with my Pre-Lab questions I don't understand how to get them.

Introduction An important type of reaction mechanism is the transfer of electrons from one species to another effecting a change in oxidation state. This gain or loss of electrons is referred to as reduction and oxidation, respectively. For example, consider the two balanced, chemical equations (1 & 2) that follow Cu (s) D Cu (aq) 2e (1) Cl2(aq) 2e D 2Cl (aq) (2) The first equation (1) shows elemental copper metal with a oxidation state of zero forming aqueous copper(Il) ions having an oxidation state of +2. This gain in oxidation number, 0 to +2, is called oxidation. The second equation (2) show elemental chlorine having an oxidation state of zero forming chloride ions in aqueous solution with an oxidation state of This decrease in oxidation number, 0 to -1, is called reduction. In any chemical reaction, the electrons gained or lost are conserved, i.e.. there is no net gain or loss of electrons. In fact, the two reactions illustrated above could occur simultaneously with the electrons lost by copper, gained by the chlorine in aqueous solution. Since the copper provides the electrons that subsequently reduce the chlorine copper is referred to as the reducing agent. Likewise, since the chlorine is accepting the electrons from copper, which subsequently oxidizes the copper, chlorine is referred to as he oxidizing agent. The two reactions above (1 & 2) are called half-reactions, as much as they each constitute one-half of the total reaction Equation 1 is the oxidation half reaction showing Cu(s) losing two electrons. In Equation 2, Cla(aq) gains two electrons and is the reduction half-reaction. If these two half-reaction are added together the result is the total oxidation-reduction reaction or "redox" reaction. Adding the two equations yields (3). Cu(s) Cl2(aq) D Cu (aq) 2CI (aq) (3) Whether or not the above reaction is spontaneous proceeds from reactants to products without input of energy into the system, may be determined by observing the reaction mixture if the reactants and products differ greatly in their appearance. Copper metal is a bright copper color and chlorine in aqueous solution will appear yellow. The Cu ion may turn the liquid part of the mixture blue, however, the Cris colorless and cannot be observed directly. Copper, like many of the transition metals, exhibits a variety of oxidation states depending upon the chemical environment in which it is found. In a strong reducing environment copper may exist as the free metal, Cu(s). An example of such a situation is illustrated in the following chemical equation (4). 4Cuo(s) CH4(g) D 4Cu(s) CO2(g) 2H2O(l) (4)

I need help with questions 2-4 I can't figure them out.

Introduction An important type of reaction mechanism is the transfer of electrons from one species to another effecting a change in oxidation state. This gain or loss of electrons is referred to as reduction and oxidation, respectively. For example, consider the two balanced, chemical equations (1 & 2) that follow Cu (s) D Cu (aq) 2e (1) Cl2(aq) 2e D 2Cl (aq) (2) The first equation (1) shows elemental copper metal with a oxidation state of zero forming aqueous copper(Il) ions having an oxidation state of +2. This gain in oxidation number, 0 to +2, is called oxidation. The second equation (2) show elemental chlorine having an oxidation state of zero forming chloride ions in aqueous solution with an oxidation state of This decrease in oxidation number, 0 to -1, is called reduction. In any chemical reaction, the electrons gained or lost are conserved, i.e.. there is no net gain or loss of electrons. In fact, the two reactions illustrated above could occur simultaneously with the electrons lost by copper, gained by the chlorine in aqueous solution. Since the copper provides the electrons that subsequently reduce the chlorine copper is referred to as the reducing agent. Likewise, since the chlorine is accepting the electrons from copper, which subsequently oxidizes the copper, chlorine is referred to as he oxidizing agent. The two reactions above (1 & 2) are called half-reactions, as much as they each constitute one-half of the total reaction Equation 1 is the oxidation half reaction showing Cu(s) losing two electrons. In Equation 2, Cla(aq) gains two electrons and is the reduction half-reaction. If these two half-reaction are added together the result is the total oxidation-reduction reaction or "redox" reaction. Adding the two equations yields (3). Cu(s) Cl2(aq) D Cu (aq) 2CI (aq) (3) Whether or not the above reaction is spontaneous proceeds from reactants to products without input of energy into the system, may be determined by observing the reaction mixture if the reactants and products differ greatly in their appearance. Copper metal is a bright copper color and chlorine in aqueous solution will appear yellow. The Cu ion may turn the liquid part of the mixture blue, however, the Cris colorless and cannot be observed directly. Copper, like many of the transition metals, exhibits a variety of oxidation states depending upon the chemical environment in which it is found. In a strong reducing environment copper may exist as the free metal, Cu(s). An example of such a situation is illustrated in the following chemical equation (4). 4Cuo(s) CH4(g) D 4Cu(s) CO2(g) 2H2O(l) (4)