HY 102 Lecture Notes - Lecture 71: Karl Pearson, Eugenics, The Ethiopians
31 May 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
I.The French Empire and the Civilizing Mission
A. The French in Algeria
1. Algeria as a settler state
a. Utopian socialist communities
b. Exiled revolutionaries of 1848
c. Winegrowers
d. Not all settlers were French
2. Under the Third Republic (1870), Algeria was made a department of France
. Gave French settlers full rights of republican citizenship
a. Consolidated privileges
b. Disenfranchised indigenous populations
c. Differentiated "good" Berbers and "bad" Arabs
3. After 1870: the "civilizing mission"
. Reinforcing the purpose of the French republic and French prestige
a. Jules Ferry (1832-1893) argued for expansion into Indochina
b. French acquisitions
i. Tunisia (1881)
ii. Northern and central Vietnam (1883)
iii. Laos and Cambodia (1893)
c. Federation of French West Africa (1893)
. Rationalizing the economic exploitation of the area
i. "Enhancing the value" of the region
ii. Public programs served French interests only
II. The Scramble for Africa and the Congo
. The Congo Free State
1. The 1870s
. A new drive into central Africa— the fertile valleys of the Congo River
a. European colonizers under the Belgian king, Leopold II (1835-1909, r. 1865-
1909)
b. Herbert M. Stanley and his "scientific" journeys
c. International Association for the Exploration and Civilization of the Congo
(1876)
. Signed treaties with local elites
i. Opened the Congo to commercial exploitation (palm oil, rubber,
diamonds)
d. Other colonizers reacted (especially Portugal)
e. The Treaty of Berlin (1884)
. Chaired by Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898)
i. Established ground rules for a new phase of European expansion
ii. Britain, France, and Germany joined forces to settle the issue
iii. The Congo would be open to free trade and commerce
f. The Congo Free State
. Actually run by Leopold's private company
i. Slave trade suppressed in favor of free labor
ii. The Congo becomes a Belgian colony (1908)
A. The partition of Africa
1. Colonial powers increase their holdings in Africa (1880s)
2. Germany
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