BIOL 3113 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Mammalian Genome, Essential Products, Regulatory Sequence

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skyoyster943

13 May 2020

School

University of Oklahoma

Department

BIOL

Course

BIOL 3113

Professor

Barbara S

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Document Summary

Genes - sequences of dna that code for different rna"s: mrna - codes for proteins, various functional rna"s. During embryonic development - many different cell types are developed - they all have the same genetic material (cloning experiments - proof that adult cells contain entire set of genes needed to form the whole organism) The amount of dna is not correlated with the complexity of an organism: Therefore, only 1-2% of the dna codes for essential products (proteins and functional rna"s) Functions of the "extra" dna: introns, regulatory sequences, accumulated genetic noise. In our bodies hundreds of different cell types carry out a variety of specialized functions - result of different genes being switched on in these cells. Cells use only some of the genes they have in the genome. Differences between cell types depend on the precise control of gene expression - cells make and accumulate different sets of rna and proteins.

Related Questions

Hello can you help me with the following questions:

1. Which part of an udder was transferred to an empty oocyte to clone the sheep Dolly?

a. blastocyst (I think its this one)

b. meiotic spindle

c. intact udder cell

d. nucleus

2. What is the principle of nuclear equivalence?

a. Differentiated cells have lost DNA that codes for other cell types.

b. All nuclei are the same shape.

c. Only nuclei of germ cells contain DNA capable of producing an entire organism.

d. The genome of every somatic cell contains information capable of generating any other cell type in the body.

3. A gene contains 6 exons, numbered 1-6. Which of the following mRNA isoforms is not a possible transcriptional product of this gene?

a. 1-2-3-4-5-6

b. 2-5-3-4

c. 2-4-5-6

d. 5-6

4. Which of the following is a mechanism used to alter gene expression using mRNA transcripts?

a. Different stability (longevity) of mRNA transcripts

b. Inhibition of translation of certain mRNAs

c. Production of small RNA molecules (microRNAs) that block translation

d. All of the above

e. None of the above

5. You have recently started working in an embryology lab and have obtained a large number of unfertilized zebrafish oocytes. You decide to treat the oocytes with RNAse (a protein that will degrade RNAs, but leave DNA proteins intact) prior to fertilizing them. Will the resulting embryos develop into normal fish?

a. Yes, because RNAs from sperm cells can replace those lost from the egg.

b. Yes, because intact DNA is the only factor required for development to proceed.

c. No, because RNAse treatment will damage the structure of the oocyte.

d. No, because maternal mRNAs are required for the early stages of development.

Please read the New York Times article from May 21, 2010: Researchers say they created a âsynthetic cell,â by Nicholas Wade. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/21/science/21cell.html

Then, think about what you would do if you were going to engineer a new type of bacterial cell, with a genome that you could assemble from bits and pieces of other organismsâ genomes. What problems could you solve?

NOTE: This is a thought experiment only; you donât need to do hours of Internet research to answer these questions.

1.If you were going to create a bacterial cell from scratch, what product/function/process would you want it to carry out? Why do you think this is an important process?

2.You know that DNA codes for RNA, and (most) RNAs code for proteins, and that (for the most part) proteins carry out the important functions of the cell. For your âsynthetic cell,â where would you get the genes that would enable you to target your synthetic bacteria to the process you described in #1?

erinhornet258

Cell Biology (#1-5)

1) What does a non-synonymous DNA mutation cause?

a) No amino acid change

b) A change in the reading frame of the mRNA

c) The substitution of an amino acid

d) Creates a premature termination codon

e) All of the above

2) What does a non-sense DNA mutation cause?

a) No amino acid change b) Alters the normal reading frame of the mRNA

c) The substitution of an amino acid

d) Creates a premature termination codon

e) All of the above

3) If you sequence the genome of 100 cells from different tissues of the same multicellular organism. How do you expect the sequences to be?

a) 10% identical c)100% identical

b) 50% identical d) 100% different e) will depend on the tissue selected

4) Multicellular organisms are comprised of a variety of cells with different morphologies and different functions. Which is the underlying mechanism that leads to the generation of diverse cell in one organism?

a) The expression of all genes in all cell types

b) The duplication of the genome in certain cell types

c) The elimination of specific group of genes from different cell types

d) The differential expression of particular sets of genes requires for a particular cellular phenotype

e) All of the above

5)You are growing bacteria which can use lactose and glucose. The culture medium has lactose, which induces transcription of the enzymes required to use lactose. If you add glucose to the medium. What do you expect to happen?

a) The bacteria will keep using lactose

b) The bacteria will shut down the Lac operon and use glucose

c) The bacteria will stop growing

d) The bacteria will die

e) The bacteria will use both lactose and glucose

salmoneagle868

BIOL 3113 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Mammalian Genome, Essential Products, Regulatory Sequence

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