NUTR 200 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Ketogenesis, White Bread, Glycemic Index
31 May 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
NUTR 200 Nutrition for Today 4/13/18
MJ Gunnarson, MS, RD 1
Blood Glucose
Carbohydrates 2
Reading:
p 100, 110-111
Chapter 5 – What is Diabetes Mellitus? - Just the Blood glucose is tightly regulated section, Diabetes Treatment
and Prevention - Just the paragraphs about Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load
Learning Objectives:
• Name the pathways that enable us to adjust blood glucose levels if they are high or low.
• Name the counter-regulatory hormones produced by the pancreas and the cells that secrete them.
• Describe the effects of those hormones on blood glucose levels and how the pathways named above
are affected by those hormones.
• Describe the glycemic index and the glycemic load, and list some common features of foods with a low
glycemic index.
• Describe changes in the carbohydrate pathways during feasting and fasting states.
Regulation of blood glucose levels (use, storage, and synthesis of glucose)
--too high, too long- dehydration, coma, death
--too low, too long-unconsciousness, death
Regulated pathways:
Glycolysis – pathway that allows us to use glucose as an energy source (page 91 in book)
Glycogenesis – storage of energy –storing glycogen molecules in the liver and muscle
Glycogenolysis – breakdown of glycogen into glucose molecules (page 89 in book))
Gluconeogenesis (in liver) – synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate molecules (page 90 in book)
Hormonal regulation
Islets of Langerhans
-beta cells
-alpha cells
Insulin: beta cells of pancreas
Increases glucose uptake by cells
(igh—energy production and storage glycolysis, glycogenesis
-hormone: insulin
Low—generate more, glycogenosis, gluconeogenesis
-hormone: glucagon
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Just the blood glucose is tightly regulated section, diabetes treatment and prevention - just the paragraphs about glycemic index and glycemic load. Regulation of blood glucose levels (use, storage, and synthesis of glucose) Glycolysis pathway that allows us to use glucose as an energy source (page 91 in book) Glycogenesis storage of energy storing glycogen molecules in the liver and muscle. Glycogenolysis breakdown of glycogen into glucose molecules (page 89 in book)) Gluconeogenesis (in liver) synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate molecules (page 90 in book) (igh energy production and storage (cid:523)glycolysis, glycogenesis(cid:524) Insulin also promotes protein synthesis and lipid storage. Glucagon counter-regulatory hormone (alpha cells from pancreas) Glycogen breakdown access glucose stores to increase blood glucose. Enhances gluconeogenesis make new glucose molecules to increase blood glucose. Ketones an alternative fuel source (prolonged fasting or very low carbohydrate diet) When insufficient glucose available/consumed, gluconeogenesis supplies glucose for a brief time.
