ESS 3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 11: Catabolism, Triglyceride, Glycogen

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purplearmadillo129

13 Oct 2016

School

UCSB

Department

Exercise & Sport Studies

Course

ESS 3

Professor

Amy Jamieson

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Nutrition and Health Day 11

11-3-15

Energy Metabolism Chapter 7

Intro

-energy

-heat, mechanical, electrical, and chemical

-metabolism

-how the body uses foods to meet its needs

-the sum of all the body’s chemical reactions

-energy metabolism

-includes all the ways the body obtains and uses energy from food

Chemical Reactions in the Body

-photosynthesis (occurs in plants)

-green plants use the sun’s energy to make carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and

water

-cells (the site of metabolic reactions)

-liver cells most metabolically active

-anabolism: building body compounds

-requires energy

-catabolism: breaking down body compounds

-releases energy

Metabolic Work of the Liver

-liver is the most active processing center

-liver receives all nutrients (metabolize, package, store or ship)

-detoxiﬁes alcohol and other drugs and poisons

-stores vitamins and minerals (in addition to carbs)

-activates vitamin D

Anabolic and Catabolic Reactions Compared

-anabolic reactions include the making of glycogen, triglycerides, and protein, these reactions

require differing amounts of energy

-catabolic reactions include the breakdown of glycogen, triglycerides, and protein: the further

catabolism of glucose, (glycerol, fatty acids), and amino acids releases differing amounts of

energy. Much of the energy released is captured in the bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Transfer of Energy in Reactions

-ATP (adenosine triphosphate) - our unit of energy in our body

-released during breakdown of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids

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-provides energy for all cell activities

-coupled reactions (use energy)

-chemical energy of food to ATP (50% efﬁciency)

-remaining energy is radiated as heat loss

The Body’s Energy Sources

1. carbohydrate (most available energy)

2. fat reserve energy

3. protein emergency energy

-we turn fuel, carbs, fat of protein into energy (ATP)

Q: Which reaction results in the breakdown of glycogen, triglycerides, and proteins?

A: Catabolic reactions

Fuel for Physical Activity

-Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)- the energy-carrying molecule in the body

-energy is released from ATP as phosphates are broken off the molecule

-high energy bonds are broken

ATP

-adenosine + 3 phosphate groups (w/ high energy bonds)

Capture and Release of Energy by ATP

-ATP breakdown, phosphate #3 is let go, releasing energy- high energy ATP becomes low-

energy ATP

-Adenosine diphosphate and a free-ﬂoating phosphate, then ATP synthesis occurs using energy,

to create ATP again (cycle)

-releases energy, then requires energy in cycle

Fuel for Physical Activity

-ATP must be generated continuously since muscles store only enough ATP for 1-3 seconds of

activity

-After depleting ATP stores, muscles turn to other sources

-creatine phosphate (CP) stores some energy that can be used to make ATP

-after creatine phosphate, carbohydrates (stored in the muscles) are the next (3rd) source of

energy for the production of ATP

-glucose is the primary carbohydrate used to generate ATP

-glycolysis: ﬁrst step in the metabolism of glucose

Helpers in Metabolic Reactions

-enzymes

-facilitators of metabolic reactions (made of proteins)

-coenzymes

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Document Summary

How the body uses foods to meet its needs. The sum of all the body"s chemical reactions. Includes all the ways the body obtains and uses energy from food. Green plants use the sun"s energy to make carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water. Liver receives all nutrients (metabolize, package, store or ship) Stores vitamins and minerals (in addition to carbs) Anabolic reactions include the making of glycogen, triglycerides, and protein, these reactions require differing amounts of energy. Catabolic reactions include the breakdown of glycogen, triglycerides, and protein: the further catabolism of glucose, (glycerol, fatty acids), and amino acids releases differing amounts of energy. Much of the energy released is captured in the bonds of adenosine triphosphate (atp) Atp (adenosine triphosphate) - our unit of energy in our body. Released during breakdown of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids. Chemical energy of food to atp (50% ef ciency) The body"s energy sources fat reserve energy: carbohydrate (most available energy)

Related Questions

Question 1 When energy changes from one form to another, some of the energy that can be used to do work is always lost. The loss of this energy is mostly in the form of _________.
a. heat
b. potential energy
c. kinetic energy
d. light energy
e. mechanical energy

Question 2 Which of the following is exergonic?
a. binding fatty acids and glycerol molecules together to form lipids
b. building proteins from amino acids
c. binding sugars molecules together to form glycogen
d. breaking bonds in starch to release glucose
e. adding a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP

Question 3 The first law of thermodynamics states that:
a. energy can neither be created nor destroyed.
b. the universe is increasing in entropy.
c. all living organisms must eat to derive energy.
d. energy is required to bring molecules into a cell against a concentration gradient.
e. in energy-yielding reactions, matter goes from a more-ordered to a less-ordered state.

Question 4 Which of the following is true of energy?
a. It can be transferred from one form to another with 100 percent efficiency.
b. It can be created.
c. It can be stored in chemical bonds.
d. It can never be stored.
e. It can be released by forming chemical bonds.

Question 5 Metabolism is:
a. the sum of all the energy a cell uses.
b. the sum of all the vitamins a cell contains.
c. the sum of all the enzymes a cell contains.
d. the sum of all the chemical reactions that an organism carries out.
e. the sum of all the ATP a cell contains.

Question 6 Entropy is the measure of ________ in a system.
a. disorder
b. order
c. energy
d. work
e. heat

Question 7 What percentage of the energy stored in glucose are humans cells able to use to do useful work?
a. 37%
b. 100%
c. 15%
d. 52%
e. 48%

Question 8 What is activation energy?
a. the energy gained by living things, allowing them to remain active
b. the energy produced by the breakdown of ATP to ADP.
c. the energy required to initiate or begin a chemical reaction
d. the energy created by enzymes during exergonic reactions
e. the energy lost by living things in the form of heat

Question 9 Which of the following is true of allosteric enzymes?
a. Their activity can be reduced when the product binds the enzyme.
b. Their activity can be reduced when a coenzyme binds to them.
c. Their activity can be reduced when the substrate binds the enzyme.
d. Their activity can be increased when the product binds the enzyme.

Question 10 Which of the following is a true statement about enzymes?
a. They are made of proteins.
b. They are altered by the reactions they catalyze.
c. They increase the energy of activation of chemical reactions.
d. All of the above are true.
e. None of the above is true.

Question 11 What is the energy currency of cells?
a. ADP
b. enzymes
c. glucose
d. vitamins
e. ATP

Question 12 Kinetic energy is ____________, while potential energy is _____________.
a. stored energy; energy that is being used
b. stored energy; energy that can't be used
c. energy that is being used; stored energy
d. energy that can't be used; stored energy

Question 13 The energy released during ________ reactions can be used to drive ________ reactions, and this is called ________ reactions.
a. exergonic; endergonic; coupled
b. endergonic; exergonic; coupled
c. exergonic; endergonic; mutually dependent
d. coupled; mutually dependent; independent
e. endergonic; exergonic; mutually dependent

Question 14 ADP + P + Energy --> ATP Which of the following is a true statement about the chemical reaction above?
a. This is a coupled reaction.
b. This is an exergonic reaction.
c. The product of the reaction contains more energy than that of all of the reactants combined.
d. This is an endergonic reaction.
e. This is an example of a catabolic reaction.

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ESS 3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 11: Catabolism, Triglyceride, Glycogen

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