LING 15 Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Bigram, Formant, Fricative Consonant
Symbols
➔A form that represents something other than itself
➔Words: represent ideas, categories, entities
➔Phonemes: combinable elements that serve as the substance of the form
◆For spoken language, the signal that serves as the form half of the symbol is
sound
◆Sound is the physical manifestation of a phoneme
Energy and sound
Combining elements
➔Sounds are organized
◆Segments: sections of particular acoustic signals
●White and black parts on a spectrogram
Waveform of single event
➔Waveform: 2-dimensional plot of air pressure over time
➔Spectrogram: plots of frequency and loudness over time
Sound: a type of compression wave
➔Compression wave: energy transmitted through some medium
◆Fluctuations in mass/density of the medium
● Radiating from a source
● Source = some event that channels/directs energy
◆Examples:
●Ocean waves (mass of water moves)
●Sound (mass of air moves)
➔Sound wave: changes in air pressure
◆Loudness of a sound = amplitude
● Degree of difference between the peak and valley of air pressure
difference
● A large difference = loud sound
◆Source:
● Some event that channels/directs energy in such a way as to affect the air
pressure
●Clap, snap
○ A temporary energy source
○ Air pressure increases → drops → returns to baseline
○
◆Periodic: regular repeated cycles
● 1 period = 1 full cycle of wave
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
A form that represents something other than itself. Phonemes: combinable elements that serve as the substance of the form. For spoken language, the signal that serves as the form half of the symbol is sound. Sound is the physical manifestation of a phoneme. White and black parts on a spectrogram. Waveform: 2-dimensional plot of air pressure over time. Spectrogram: plots of frequency and loudness over time. Compression wave: energy transmitted through some medium. Source = some event that channels/directs energy. Degree of difference between the peak and valley of air pressure difference. Some event that channels/directs energy in such a way as to affect the air pressure. Air pressure increases drops returns to baseline. 1 period = 1 full cycle of wave. Higher frequency = more cycles per unit of time. More vibrations / sec interpreted as higher. Pure tone: sound wave is a sine function tone/pitch/note. Sine = ratio of 2 sides of a.
