BIOLOGY 151 Lecture Notes - Lecture 15: Reducing Agent, Mitochondrion, Glycolysis
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Fuels: molecules whose stored energy can be released for use. C = o = oxidized, since the o is more electronegative. Losing a hydrogen is also losing an electron. Reducing agent is the one that gives up e- Glucose + oxygen --> carbon-dioxide + water + free energy. Cellular respiration: aerobic, converts pyruvate into water, carbon dioxide, and atp. Aerobic ( with oxygen) = 32 atp anaerobic (without oxygen) = 2 atp. Glycolysis, fermentation, citric acid cycle = in cytoplasm. Pyruvate oxidation, respiratory chain = on plasma membrane. Energy investment phase: need two atp to start. Use many different enzymes for each step/rection. Energy payoff phase: 2 nad+ --- > 2 nadh, and 2 atp ---> 2 adp. Made 4 atp, but net gain is 2atp, because 2 adp, had to. Substrate level phosphorylation: enzyme takes phosphoenolpyruvate + atp, creates pyruvate + If no oxygen, will continue to fermentation (anaerobic): Does not make any energy, regenerates nad+
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