HMED 3075 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Flexner Report, Punched Card, Making Money
Document Summary
Reading: joel howell, the changing meaning of urinanalysis. 1800: only two hospitals: pennsylvania hospital and new york hospital. Most people treated at home by female care givers. Nicer hospitals, needed a medical examination to determine if you would be admitted to the hospital. Also considered social class and respectability for treatment. Hospitals played small role in provision of medical care. Patients: insance, indigent, dependent, permanently incapacitated, separate wards for sick patients, minority of paying patients, last resort option of hospital. Hospital growth, 1850-1875: the expanding population: urbanization. Poor urban health: overcrowding, poor sanitation, epidemics: immigration. 1860 census: > 4 million immigrants: industrialization. Hospital reform, 1865-1875: minimizing hospital infection: well-designed ventilation and heating systems, placement of windows and beds, sufficient space between patients, separate wards for surgical patients. The hospital transforming, 1875-1900: transformation of hospital surgery. Aseptic surgery (1880"s+): sterile tools, techniques, and procedures. Increased safety of hospital surgery: new definitions of disease.
