PHIS 206 Lecture Notes - Lecture 19: Renal Artery, Renal Vein, Urinary System

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blueskunk578

2 May 2018

School

VCU

Department

Physiology and Biophysics

Course

PHIS 206

Professor

Charles Anderson; Steven Price

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Lecture 19: Renal Overview

State of Blood

• Majority of body systems only take from the blood, extracting oxygen and nutrients and

polluting it with carbon dioxide and wastes, rendering blood unusable after leaving those

tissues

• This isn't sustainable - the body must be able to restore the blood to a nourishing state

Blood Conditioners

• There are systems in a place to restore the blood - to condition it

• The lungs/respiratory system perform the tasks of restoring appropriate levels of oxygen

and carbon dioxide to the blood

Not Done Yet

• That leaves 2 more tasks

o Restoration of nutrients (other than oxygen) to appropriate levels

o The removal of wastes so that waste levels remain low

• The digestive system serves the first task, the renal system (kidneys) serves the second

•

The System as a Whole

• Renal/Urinary System

o Two kidneys

o Millions of nephrons in each (functional units of kidney)

o Ureter, Bladder, urethra provide path for excreting wastes

• Kidneys job is to get rid of waste that isn’t carbon dioxide

Kidney

• Characteristics

o One way in (renal artery) → carry blood to kidney, standard waste in it

o Two ways out (renal vein, ureter) → blood comes out of kidney

o Tremendous vascularization

o Composition of space between cells (interstitial space) changes from outside

(capsule) to inside (hilum)

• So lungs do a good job of getting rid of CO2, but kidneys get rid of the other wastes

• Full of blood vessels, job to filter blood, has a lot of blood

• Full of tubes, half the tubes full of blood, not surprising

• Venous = blue (in diagram)

• Arterial = red (in diagram)

• Way out (yellow, urine pathway) → blood pathway is never far from it

The Nephron

• Functional Unit of Kidney

o Two major components of nephron

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Document Summary

Blood conditioners: there are systems in a place to restore the blood - to condition it, the lungs/respiratory system perform the tasks of restoring appropriate levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide to the blood. The system as a whole: renal/urinary system, two kidneys, millions of nephrons in each (functional units of kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra provide path for excreting wastes, kidneys job is to get rid of waste that isn"t carbon dioxide. The nephron: functional unit of kidney, two major components of nephron, the path for blood (vascular component, the path for what will be urine (tubular component, kidney job turn bad blood to good blood. Henle distal tubule and collecting ducts (ureter and beyond: matching question!! One of them will be matching fam: a before e (afferent before efferent) path of blood, move from left hand pathway to right hand pathway to get rid of waste.

Related Questions

. The kidneys contain millions of _________, which are the smallest functional units of the kidneys since each one can make urine from blood.

2. There are 3 stages in urine formation. The first stage is called____________; during this stage, blood pressure pushes water and small solutes out of a ball of capillaries called the __________ into the first part of the renal tubule called the _________ _________.

3. The second stage of urine formation is called _________. Cells lining the proximal convoluted tubules (PCTs) have special projections called _________ which increase their surface area, thus enabling the PCTs to transport about 70% of filtrate back into blood.

4. When a person is dehydrated, their blood volume and blood pressure are too low. Two hormones reduce the loss of sodium and water from the body during dehydration by concentrating urine to prevent further water loss. The first hormone is secreted by the adrenal cortex and is called __________; this hormone stimulates sodium retention by nephrons. The second hormone is released by the posterior pituitary gland and is called _________; this hormone cause water retention by nephrons.

5. ___________is the waste product of cellular respiration (ATP synthesis). This waste product must be eliminated from the body because it becomes toxic at high levels. This waste product combines with water in blood to form carbonic acid, which is then converted into bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) and hydrogen ions (H+). Hydrogen ions lower blood pH, causing it to become too acidic. Kidneys are able to sense high H+ levels in blood and actively transport hydrogen ions (and other toxic blood borne chemicals) from blood into urine during ___________, the third stage of urine formation.

6. Urine and blood differ in composition. In a healthy person, blood contains _________ , __________, and _________ but urine DOES NOT these materials.

7. Urine moves from the kidneys down the ureters into the bladder due to __________, a form of motility wherein _________ muscle tissue in the ureteral walls undergoes rhythmic waves of contractions.

8. The kidneys are located in the ___________ cavity; ureters conduct urine to the urinary bladder which is located in the pelvic cavity behind the symphysis joint of the _________ bones.

9. The three major systems which participate in the excretion of cellular wastes from blood include: the __________ system which eliminates urea and excess electrolytes like sodium; the ___________ system which eliminates water and salt; and the ____________ system, which eliminates carbon dioxide.

10. When the bladder is full, the _____________ reflex is initiated. During this reflex, the bladder walls contract and the ________ ________ sphincter, a circular structure made of _______ ______tissue, relaxes. Upon sensing an urge to urinate, a person can consciously contract their _______ _______ sphincter, a circular structure made of ________ ________ tissue - this stops the flow of urine out of the bladder and into the urethra until the time is convenient to urinate.

REFERENCE CITATIONS: _______________________________

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PHIS 206 Lecture Notes - Lecture 19: Renal Artery, Renal Vein, Urinary System

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