Biology 3316A/B Lecture Notes - Lecture 17: Amyloid, Amyloid Beta, Phos

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byzantiumbat669

13 Dec 2021

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Western University

Department

Biology

Course

Biology 3316A/B

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Gingipains are a link between diabetes and ad. Getting rid of the amyloid plaque will not help patients. Scientist are looking for other ways to combat this disease. Getting rid of the bacteria will not get rid of the disease. Anywhere there is an app protein, gingipains will cleave it: this is where the toxic effect. Gingipains will cleave the amyloid proteins: this is where people think the disease starts. A lot of radioactive glucose that isn"t being metabolized: amyloid beta can destroy insulin receptors, glucose won"t be metabolized, blocking insulin signalling. Growing evidence that not just cancer cells can undergo aerobic glycolysis even though there is a lot of oxygen present. Tumours are a group of cells sitting in a small environment. Send out factors to bring in blood vessels - bring in oxygen: you don"t want the starving cells to be bombarded with ros- you run the risk of killing the cells.

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Based on âMorgan: A case of Diabetesâ by Lisa Rubin and Clyde Freeman Herreid (National Center for Case Study Teaching in Science)

The Patient:

Morgan Water is a 27-year old Native American that lives on a reservation in Oklahoma. Nearly Â¼ of Morganâs tribe has diabetes but she has no direct family history of diabetes, heart disease, or other serious conditions. She is however obese (BMI = 32) and leads a sedentary lifestyle. Morgan has been suffering from an increasing persistence of symptoms including unusual thirst, dizziness, blurred vision, and numbness in her right foot. The symptoms have been developing over several months but as she is planning her wedding she attributed them to nerves. She is finally persuaded to see her family doctor. Her non-fasting blood glucose level was elevated so the doctor has her return the next morning for a fasting blood sample so they could more accurately measure her blood glucose and insulin. Her blood results are below:

Test	Morganâs values	Normal range	Pre-Diabetic range	Diabetic range
Plasma glucose, mg/dl	260	70 -139	140 - 199	â¥ 200
Fasting glucose, mg/dl	140	â¤ 99	100 - 125	â¥ 126
A1C, %	7.6	~ 5	5.7 â 6.4	â¥ 6.5
Fasting Insulin, mIU/ml	34	2 - 10	10 - 20	â¥ 20

Question 1:

Based on her history and blood results, what do you think is the most likely diagnosis for Morgan?

A. Type I Diabetes Mellitus

B. Type II Diabetes Mellitus

C. Pre-Diabetes

D. Cardiovascular Disease

Question 2:

What is the cause of Morganâs disease?

A. It is an auto-immune disorder that destroys the Î²-cells of her pancreas so she produces less

insulin than normal.

B. She has a genetic mutation that results in less insulin receptor being produced than normal.

C. She has developed insulin resistance, where her insulin receptors do not recognize the insulin her

body produces, likely due to her obesity.

D. There is no known cause, it can happen spontaneously.

Morgan is worried that she will have to spend the rest of her life giving herself injections but her doctor does not prescribe insulin injections.

Question 3:

Why would injections of insulin not help Morgan if she has hyperglycemia?

A. Her body is already producing excess insulin but not responding to it.

B. Her problem is with her insulin receptors responding to insulin.

C. Excess insulin will only exacerbate her insulin resistance.

D. All of the above.

Question 4:

Given Morganâs metabolic state, which of the following pathways would you expect to be active in Morganâs cells (select all that apply)?

A. Glycolysis

B. Gluconeogenesis

C. Î²-oxidation

D. Amino acid degradation

E. Protein synthesis

Cells of the pancreas (an organ located in the abdomen that is part of the digestive system) determine the set point for blood glucose (blood sugar). After a meal, glucose levels are elevated and the pancreas detects the change and produces insulin. Insulin and glucose move into the bloodstream where they are transported to different areas of the body. The insulin allows glucose to move from the bloodstream into the muscles and liver where the glucose is stored or used as energy for cellular work.

1. The scenario describes a case in which the pancreas accepts information that the body has absorbed sugar during digestion. Research diseases related to glucose levels and answer each question.

a. Describe what might happen (in relation to homeostasis) if a personâs glucose levels became too high and the pancreas did not secrete enough insulin.

b. What is the common name for this disease?

c. List the symptoms of the disease and its treatment options.

greenkoala408

TRUE OR FALSE FOR 31-36

31. GLUTs are uniporters that use ATP hydrolysis for energy.

32. GLUT1 transports glucose across the blood brain barrier.

33. GLUT2 initially transports glucose into the pancreas after eating, allowing insulin to be released into the bloodstream.

34. After insulin signaling, GLUT4 is transported to the membrane of various cells to increase glucose transport in tissues (But not if you have Type II Diabetes).

35. If the plasma membrane of an animal cell was made entirely permeable to Na+, the Na+/K+pump would continue to pump ions and hydrolyse ATP, but not build a Na+gradient.

36. Passive carriers are localized to the basolateral membrane of epithelial cells, activate transporters are localized to the apical membrane.

Biology 3316A/B Lecture Notes - Lecture 17: Amyloid, Amyloid Beta, Phos

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