AGRICULTURE MICROBIOLOGY Lecture Notes - Phyllosphere, Axenic, Epiphyte

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oualiyacine1995

19 Oct 2022

School

APU

Department

Biochemistry

Course

AGRICULTURE MICROBIOLOGY

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Document Summary

Aerial plant surfaces represent the largest biological interface on earth and provide essential services as sites of carbon dioxide fixation, molecular oxygen release, and primary biomass production. Rather than existing as axenic organisms, plants are colonized by microorganisms that affect both their health and growth. For terrestrial plants, the phyllosphere represents the interface between the above-ground parts of plants and the air. Conservative estimates indicate that the roughly 1 billion square kilometers of worldwide leaf surfaces host more than 1026 bacteria, which are the most abundant colonizers of this habitat . The overall microbiota in this ecosystem is thus sufficiently large to have an impact on the global carbon and nitrogen cycles. Additionally, the phyllosphere inhabitants influence their hosts at the level of the individual plants. To a large extent, interest in phyllosphere microbiology has been driven by investigations on plant pathogens. Their spread, colonization, survival, and pathogenicity mechanisms have been the subject of numerous studies.

Related Questions

Microbiology Unit 2 Applied and Environmental Assignment Part 1:

Identify Nutritional requirements from Chapter 6 & 14 (and review from chapters 1 & 2)

1. Determine which of the 4 macromolecules require the following elements:

a. Carbon: carbohydrates___ lipids___ proteins___ nucleic acids___

b. Nitrogen: carbohydrates___ lipids___ proteins___ nucleic acids___

c. Sulfur: carbohydrates___ lipids___ proteins___ nucleic acids___

2. The essential elements mentioned above are cycled through cells and the earth in biogeochemical cycles like the carbon cycle, the nitrogen cycle, and the sulfur cycle. Select the correct answer and fill in the blanks to summarize these cycles:

a. Carbon dioxide is taken in from the atmosphere by [autotrophs/heterotrophs] and converted to glucose through carbon ________________. When heterotrophs eat autotrophs they catabolize glucose to make ATP through __________________ and waste carbon is released as ___________.

b. There is plenty of nitrogen available in the atmosphere but it is not accessible to organisms because it is in the form of Nitrogen gas (N2). N2 is fixed by [bacteria/plants/animals] and converted to ammonia (NH3.) NH3 can be used by [bacteria/plants/animals] to build their cells. Next, by consuming food with amino acids, [bacteria/plants/animals] can get access to nitrogen for their own cellular needs.

c. There is also a good quantity of sulfur in dirt, rocks, and the atmosphere. Sulfur cycles between H2S => S0 => SO4 => SH groups in Proteins => back to H2S. Using _________________ respiration, anoxygenic photosynthesis, and chemolithoautotrophy [bacteria/plants/animals] convert H2S and S0 to SO4 which is taken in by [bacteria/plants/animals] and used to build their cells. When [bacteria/plants/animals] eat plants they take in essential amino acids containing sulfur and recycle these to make their own proteins.

d. _________________ break down waste and dead organisms and recycle nutrients back into the cycles.

*The C and N are summarized here: https://youtu.be/2D7hZpIYlCA and https://youtu.be/leHy-Y_8nRs

3. Identify the main metabolic classifications:

A microbe that makes its own food by taking carbon from CO₂ in the atmosphere and its energy from sunlight
A microbe that makes its own food by taking carbon from CO₂ in the atmosphere and its energy from reduced inorganic chemicals
A microbe that eats other organisms to get organic carbon and energy
A microbe that uses organic carbon from others but energy from sunlight

Please help me with my microbiology assignment.

orchidherring991

Microbiology Unit 2 Applied and Environmental Assignment Part 1: Identify Nutritional requirements from Chapter 6&14 (and review from chapters 1 & 2) 1. Determine which of the 4 macromolecules require the following elements: a. Carbon: carbohydrates___ lipids___ proteins___ nucleic acids___ b. Nitrogen: carbohydrates___ lipids___ proteins___ nucleic acids___ c. Sulfur: carbohydrates___ lipids___ proteins___ nucleic acids___ 2. The essential elements mentioned above are cycled through cells and the earth in biogeochemical cycles (the carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles.)Select the correct answer or fill in the blanks to summarize these cycles: a. Carbon dioxide is taken in from the atmosphere by [autotrophs/heterotrophs] and converted to glucose through carbon ________________. When heterotrophs eat autotrophs they use catabolism to break down glucose to make ATP and waste carbon is released as ___________. b. There is plenty of nitrogen available in the atmosphere but it is not accessible to organisms because it is in the form of Nitrogen gas (N2). N2 is fixed by [bacteria/plants/animals] and converted to ammonia (NH3.) NH3 can be used by [bacteria/plants/animals] to build their cells. Next, by consuming food with amino acids,[bacteria/plants/animals] can get access to nitrogen for their own cellular needs. c. There is also a good quantity of sulfur in dirt, rocks, and the atmosphere. Sulfur cycles between H2S => S0 => SO4 => SH groups in Proteins => back to H2S.Using _________________ respiration, anoxygenic photosynthesis, and chemolithoautotrophy [bacteria/plants/animals]convert H2S and S0 to SO4 which is taken in by [bacteria/plants/animals] and used to build their cells. When [bacteria/plants/animals]eat plants they take in essential amino acids containing sulfur and recycle these to make their proteins. d. _________________ break down waste and dead organisms and recycle nutrients back into the cycles. *The C and N are summarized here: https://youtu.be/2D7hZpIYlCA and https://youtu.be/leHy-Y_8nRs 3. Match the main metabolic classifications to the description: Classifications: photoautotroph/ photoheterotroph/ chemoautotroph/ chemoheterotroph o A microbe that makes its own food by taking carbon from CO2 in the atmosphere and its energy from sunlight o A microbe that makes its own food by taking carbon from CO2 in the atmosphere and its energy from reduced inorganic chemicals o A microbe that eats other organisms to get organic carbon and energy o A microbe that eats other organisms to get organic carbon but gets energy from sunlight 4. Identify the phases of the bacterial growth curve and define what occurs in each phase Phase A = ______________ Definition: Phase B = ______________ Definition: Phase C = ______________ Definition: Phase D = ______________ Definition: Part 2: Unique ecosystems containing microbes 5. Watch the video that shows hydrothermal vents: https://youtu.be/RO3nO98gH_M a. Describe bacteria that live at the vents using terms from the unit 2 reading guide: ________________________________________________________________________ b. Write a 2-3 sentence reflection about hydrothermal vents and the contribution of microbes to this ecosystem: 6. Apply what you have learned to the TED-Ed video about Biofilms: https://youtu.be/pHLP5CZMnL4 a. Give the terms for cell structures mentioned in the video that we learned in Chapter 4 and 7: i. âsticky appendagesâ thatallows bacteria to attach and begin the biofilm: _______________ ii. Extracellular matrix/gooey matrix that holds cells together: ____________________________ iii. Exchange genetic information while packed together: ____________________________ iv. Communicate with each other by _________________________________________ sensing. v. Produce chemical to kill microbial competitors: ____________________________ factor.

The total amount of energy invested in the production of living biomass in a community is that community's

Select one:

a. gross primary productivity

b. net primary productivity

c. gross photosynthetic efficiency

d. net photosynthetic efficiency

Which of the following factors accounts for the largest number of documented extinctions that have occurred in the last 1,000 years?

Select one:

a. Deforestation

b. Habitat fragmentation

c. Pollution

d. Invasive species

In terrestrial ecosystems, the greatest current cause of species endangerment is

Select one:

a. invasive species

b. habitat loss

c. overharvesting

d. pollution

Carbon dioxide has a warming effect on the earth's atmosphere. This is because it absorbs

Select one:

a. ultraviolet radiation coming from the earth's surface

b. visible light coming directly from the sun

c. ultaviolet radiation coming from the sun

d. infrared radiation coming from the earth's surface

The overall productivity of the open ocean has declined as a result of global warming.This is believed to be because

Select one:

a. ocean stratification has intensified

b. cloud cover has increased, reducing sunlight over the ocean

c. higher temperatures have directly inhibited algal photosynthesis

d. the amount of carbon dioxide dissolved in the ocean has decreased

Positive feedback might occur in response to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels as a result of

Select one:

a. soil decomposers increasing the rate at which they break down organic molecules

b. oceans absorbing more carbon dioxide in the form of bicarbonate ions

c. an increase in the rate at which fossil fuels are formed

d. plants accelerating their growth by taking up more carbon dioxide

Which nitrogen-containing molecules in soil represent a usable source of nitrogen for plants?

Select one:

a. Nitrogenous bases of nucleic acids

b. All of these

c. Ammonium

d. Amino acids

In a tropical forest ecosystem, "edgeâ habitat is considered to be of relatively low quality for conservation purposes because it

Select one:

a. tends to contain more invasive species

b. all of these

c. tends to contain more early-successional species

d. is more exposed to the effects of wind

periwinklehorse209

AGRICULTURE MICROBIOLOGY Lecture Notes - Phyllosphere, Axenic, Epiphyte

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