BIO Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Human Leukocyte Antigen, Pernicious Anemia, Vitamin B12 Deficiency

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jaazz

2 Nov 2022

School

Kerala University of Health Sciences - KUHS

Department

Biochemistry

Course

BIO

Professor

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Pernicious anemia is a relatively common chronic hematologic disease. It is an adult form of anemia that is associated with gastric atrophy and a loss of intrinsic factor production in gastric secretions. The term pernicious anemia is reserved for patients with vitamin. B12 deficiency due to a lack of production of if in the stomach. Intrinsic factor in gastric secretions is necessary for the absorption of dietary vitamin b12. Pernicious anemia probably is an autoimmune disorder with a genetic predisposition and the disease is associated with human leucocyte antigen (hla) types a2, a3, and b7 and a blood group. A greater association than anticipated exists between pernicious anemia and other autoimmune diseases, which include thyroid disorders, type i diabetes mellitus, ulcerative colitis, addison disease, and acquired agammaglobulinemia. Pernicious anemia is rare before the age of 30 years and increases in frequency with advancing age. The disease is often characterized by the presence of a triad of symptoms:

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Ted goes to see Dr. Zhou, complaining that he always feels tired and cold. The doctor orders some blood tests. Ted hates needles, but reluctantly gets blood drawn for the tests anyway. At their next appointment a few days later, Dr. Zhou tells Ted that he has pernicious anemia, and will need to take vitamin B₁₂ shots once a month for the rest of his life. The doctor explains more about pernicious anemia, but Ted canât remember much of what she says because he basically stops listening at the word âinjectionsâ. Ted is given one such injection before he leaves the office, and within a few days he begins to feel better.

However, Tedâs uncle Fred scoffs at vitamins, saying that the doctor is a quack, because, âEverybody knows anemia is from not getting enough iron.â Ted will do anything to avoid needles, so instead of going back for more shots, he instead follows Uncle Fredâs advice, and for the next six months he eats lots of red meat cooked in a cast iron skillet.

Six months later, Ted goes back to see Dr. Zhou because his previous symptoms of fatigue and chills have returned, worse than before, and in addition, his hands and feet have gone numb. Dr. Zhou explains that this is another effect of vitamin B₁₂ deficiency, and urges him to take the shots. Ted reluctantly agrees to start taking the shots regularly, and soon his symptoms greatly improve, though heâs left with some degree of permanent nerve damage in his hands and feet.

Why did the extra iron not help Ted?

Ted tries to bargain with Dr. Zhou, saying he will diligently take B₁₂ capsules if he can avoid the shots. Dr. Zhou explains that with pernicious anemia, the problem is not insufficient intake of vitamin B₁₂, but lack of absorption because of lack of something called intrinsic factor.

What is intrinsic factor, and why did Tedâs body stop making it? Why must Ted take shots instead of pills?

lemonwasp143

this is biomedical homework assignment:

1. The element __________ is essential in red blood cells as it is able to reversibly bind to oxygen.

2. The element __________ is essential in blood clotting as it is needed to clot properly.

3. In pernicious anemia, _____________ is too low in the body. It is essential to red blood cell formation, and can lead to anemia as new red blood cell formation is prevented.

4. The hormone ______________ is secreted from the kidneys and promotes new red blood cell formation.

Here are the choices you have: B12, B6, iron, calcium, potassium, erythropoetin, sodium, vitamin D, Prothrombinase

yellowcamel620

MATCH the terms with the definitions and/or examples. Someresponses are used twice while others may not be used at all.

A acquired immunodeficiency

B type IV hypersensitivity

C autoimmune disease

D primary immunodeficiency

E type I hypersensitivity

1.a condition that is present from birth when a patient can'tmount a proper immune response due to a genetic or developmentaldefect

2.the end result of HIV infection

3.a localized or systemic allergic response that results fromthe production of IgEs and the release of histamines fromsensitized granulocytes when an antigen is encountered

4.a condition that occurs when the immune system producesantibodies or cytotoxic T cells that attack normal body cells

5.a type of allergic reaction that develops 12 - 24 hours afterexposure to the antigen, caused by the migration of antigenpresenting cells and T-cells to the site of exposure to theallergen

6.Graves' disease, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupuserythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and pernicious anemia

7.SCID: "Bubble Boy" Disease

The option DEADBCD is WRONG

pinkserval354

BIO Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Human Leukocyte Antigen, Pernicious Anemia, Vitamin B12 Deficiency

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