Log in
HomeStudy Guides420,000CA160,000

E E231 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Water Cycle, Nitrogen Cycle, Regolith

12 views2 pages
kingjack
21 Jan 2023
School
University of Alberta
Department
Electrical Engineering
Course
E E231
Professor

For unlimited access to Study Guides, a Grade+ subscription is required.

Document Summary

8">export html to doc land, additionally referred to as dry land, floor, or earth, is the stable terrestrial surface of. Earth no longer submerged by way of the ocean or any other frame of water. It makes up 29% of earth"s surface and consists of all continents and islands. Earth"s land surface is almost entirely protected by regolith, a layer of rock, soil, and minerals that paperwork the outer a part of the crust. Land performs important roles in earth"s weather gadget and is worried within the carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, and water cycle. One 0. 33 of land is included in trees, every other 0. 33 is used for agriculture, and 10% is blanketed in permanent snow and glaciers. Land terrain varies significantly and consists of mountains, deserts, plains, plateaus, glaciers, and other landforms. In bodily geology, the land is split into two principal classes: mountain degrees and relatively flat interiors known as cratons.

Get access

Grade+
$40 USD/m
Billed monthly
Grade+
Homework Help
Study Guides
Textbook Solutions
Class Notes
Textbook Notes
Booster Class
10 Verified Answers

Related Documents

E E231
Final Exam
Study Guide
: Land 4
kingjack
E E231
Final Exam
Study Guide
: Land 3
kingjack
ESCI 172
Final Exam
Study Guide
ESCI 172 Study Guide - Water Cycle, Nitrogen Cycle, Regolith
kingjack

Related Questions

Saturn V First-Stage Structural Analysis The first stage of the Saturn V (also called the S-IC) provided thrust to lift the second stage, third stage, and payload to an altitude of about 100km within the first 150 seconds of flight, at which point it experienced a maximum acceleration of 38๐‘š/๐‘ 2 . The first stage structure (the shell around the propellant tanks) transmitted the force produced by the engines to the upper stages through its outer skin. This skin was composed of 2219-T87 aluminum, which has a Young's modulus of 73.1GPa, a yield strength of 390MPa, a density of 2840 ๐‘˜๐‘”/๐‘š3 , and a thermal expansion coefficient of 22 ∗ 10-6๐พ-1 . We will perform an analysis of the S-IC structure and the loads it carried through a series of scenarios. The exception is for Part 5, which must be done by hand as it requires significant drawing and only uses symbolic variables, no numerical calculations. I also recommend setting up the equations for Part 4 by hand and then using the .m file to perform the actual computations. 

 

Part 1: 

 The S-IC stage shell was required to support the load of the second stage, third stage, instrument unit, and Apollo spacecraft modules, both on the pad and during launch. The maximum mass it had to support was when the fully-fueled vehicle was sitting on the pad, and the maximum acceleration it experienced was immediately before stage burnout (when the S-IC was empty but all the other stages were full). Assume the S-IC tank structure is a smooth cylinder with an outer diameter of 10 meters, a thickness of 5.5 mm, and a height of 41 meters when nothing is mounted on top of it. The empty mass of everything above the stage is 9.7 ∗ 104 ๐‘˜๐‘”, and the mass of everything above the stage is 2.9 ∗ 106 ๐‘˜๐‘” when fully fueled. 

Find:

• How much the stage shrinks when the empty stages are placed atop the S-IC

• How much the stage shrinks when the vehicle is fully fueled 

• How much the stage shrinks under full acceleration 

• The average axial stress experienced in each of these three cases

• The factor of safety in each of these three cases Ignore the mass of the S-IC structure itself and propellant; all we care about is how the tank has to deal with supporting the masses above it.

 

Part 2: 

 In reality, the stage did not have a uniform cross section; it was composed of steps of decreasing thickness toward the top of the S-IC, to save structural mass. Suppose the tank wall thickness decreased from 6.5 mm at the bottom to 4.3 mm at the top in eight steps of equal height. Each of the eight "rings" would have a constant wall thickness, the same height as the other rings, and the total height of the stage would still be 41 meters. Repeat the first three bullet points from Part 1, to find how much the stage will contract with the stepped cross sections instead of the uniform. Additionally, find the mass savings by constructing the tank in this manner.

 

Part 3: 

If the 41m height measurement given in Part 1 was taken at an ambient temperature of 25C, how much would the entire S-IC shrink due to thermal contraction (with no load atop the stage) at an operating temperature of -100C? You may choose either the uniform or stepped cross-section configuration from Part 1 or Part 2 to solve this problem, but there is one optimal solution within the scope of this project. Explain which option you chose and why. 

 

Part 4: Consider the planar truss section shown. Suppose four of these held the S-IC stage upright on the mobile launch platform. If the weight each had to support was 6.9MN (labeled F in the diagram), find the reaction forces at joints B and C (a total of three quantities) and the internal forces in the rods AB, AC, and BC. You may assume that the load is balanced and there is no moment about point A. ABC is an equilateral triangle. Be sure to include your sanity check of the static equilibrium of the whole structure. Briefly describe why the analysis would be complicated by making point C a fixed reaction joint like point B instead of a roller joint. 

 

Part 5:  Draw a SMD for the transverse axis of the S-IC using symbolic values (no numbers). The diagram should reflect: 1. A constant, even transverse pressure the vehicle experiences due to wind at the pad (note that this must include the wind pressure experienced by the upper stages, collectively referred to as ๐‘ƒ๐‘Š). 2. The fixed base of the vehicle on the pad. 3. A fueling arm located at ๐‘™/2 from the base of the rocket that exerts a load ๐‘ƒ๐‘“ in a direction counter to the wind. ๐‘ƒ๐‘“ is not large enough to counteract all the shear experienced by the stage at station ๐‘™/2. 07 Apr 2022 Hint: for this problem, continue drawing the SMD along the X axis, with the fixed base at the bottom of the rocket.

 

 Part 6: 

The LOX tank bottom is hemispherical, with a total tank height of 19.5 meters tip-to-tip. Suppose the tank were pressurized to 151 kPa and contained LOX with a density of 1141 ๐‘˜๐‘”/๐‘š3 . Use the Bernoulli equation to find the pressure at the bottom of the tank (at surface gravity) and the thin wall pressure vessel stress experienced by the bottom of the hemispherical tank bottom. At burnout, the tank was empty of liquid oxygen but still under gaseous pressure of 151 kPa. Find the longitudinal and circumferential stresses about the central cylindrical section of the tank. For this part, ignore acceleration, axial forces, thermal deformation, ambient pressure, etc.

 

Part 7:  Even if composite materials (like carbon fiber) had been widely available in the 1960s, give three reasons why they would be less desirable for an application like the S-IC stage than aluminum or titanium

Write an objective summary of the Lincoln (Abraham Lincoln)-Douglas (Frederick Douglas) Debates. This should at least have 3-6 sentences.

Directions: Read the passage below and answer the question(s) that follow.
 
The Lincoln-Douglas Debates
 
In 1858, Abraham Lincoln, a known abolitionist, ran as the Republican party candidate for the United States Senate seat against the incumbent Democratic senator, Judge Stephen Douglas. Lincoln and Douglas held a series of seven debates throughout Illinois, focusing overwhelmingly on what was the most contentious issue of the day: slavery, and whether it should be permitted in the new territories and states that were being rapidly acquired at the time.
The Lincoln-Douglas debates were so heated, in part because of a controversial address Lincoln had previously given at the Illinois State Capitol on June 16, 1858, now known as the "House Divided" speech, in which Lincoln said:
 
A house divided against itself, cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure, permanently, half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved - I do not expect the house to fall — but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing or all the other. Either the opponents of slavery will arrest the further spread of it, and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction; or its advocates will push it forward, till it shall become lawful in all the States, old as well as new - North as well as South.
 
During the third debate in Jonesboro, Illinois on September 15,1858 , Douglas responded to Lincoln's "house divided" contention by iterating the Democratic position on slavery, emphasizing the rights of states (and, by extension, new territories) to legislate their own policies on slavery.
 
Douglas: I now come back to the question, why cannot this Union exist forever divided into free and slave States, as our fathers made it? It can thus exist if each State will carry out the principles upon which our institutions were founded, to wit: the right of each State to do as it pleases, without meddling with its neighbors. Just act upon that great principle, and this Union will not only live forever, but it will extend and expand until it covers the whole continent, and makes this confederacy one grand, ocean-bound Republic. We must bear in mind that we are yet a young nation, growing with a rapidity unequaled in the history of the world, that our national increase is great, and that the emigration from the old world is increasing, requiring us to expand and acquire new territory from time to time, in order to give our people land to live upon. If we live upon the principle of State rights and State sovereignty, each State regulating its own affairs and minding its own business, we can go on and extend indefinitely, just as fast and as far as we need the territory.
 
In the 7th debate in Alton, Illinois on October 15,1858 , Lincoln retreated slightly from his "House Divided" stance, agreeing that state sovereignty should generally be constitutionally protected, but slavery is a moral wrong for which expansion must not be allowed, and which should eventually be quashed completely.
 
Lincoln: The Judge [Douglas] alludes very often in the course of his remarks to the exclusive right which the States have to decide the whole thing for themselves. I agree with him very readily that the different States have that right. He is but fighting a man of straw when he assumes that I am contending against the right of the States to do as they please about it. Our controversy with him is in regard to the new Territories... He says that upon the score of equality, slaves should be allowed to go in a new Territory, like other property. This is strictly logical if there is no difference between it and other property. If it and other property are equal, his argument is entirely logical. But if you insist that one is wrong and the other right, there is no use to institute a comparison between right and wrong. You may turn over every thing in the Democratic policy from beginning to end, whether in the shape it takes on the statute book, in the shape it takes in the Dred Scott decision, in the shape it takes in conversation, or the shape it takes in short maxim-like arguments-it every where carefully excludes the idea that there is any thing wrong in it.
 
That is the real issue. That is the issue that will continue in this country when these poor tongues of Judge Douglas and myself shall be silent. It is the eternal struggle between these two principles-right and wrong throughout the world. They are the two principles that have stood face to face from the beginning of time; and will ever continue to struggle. The one is the common right of humanity and the other the divine right of kings. It is the same principle in whatever shape it develops itself. It is the same spirit that says, "You work and toil and earn bread, and I'll eat it." No matter in what shape it comes, whether from the mouth of a king who seeks to bestride the people of his own nation and live by the fruit of their labor, or from one race of men as an apology for enslaving another race, it is the same tyrannical principle.