PRN0098C Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation, Neuropathic Pain, Opioid Receptor

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alexandrasearle

31 Jan 2023

School

SJRSC, St Johns River Community College

Department

Nursing And Allied Health

Course

PRN0098C

Professor

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Document Summary

Chapter 19: pain management, rest, and restorative sleep. The transmission of pain impulses to the cns is controlled by a gate" that opens and closes in response to sensory input. Gate must be open for the pain impulse to be transmitted to the brain and interpreted as pain. When gate is closed, the nerve impulse for pain is blocked from transmission. Thalamus can open and close the gate in relationship to stress and anxiety. Increase in stress can cause the gate to open; decreased stress and anxiety can close the gate. Broad nerve fibers are stimulated by things like exercise, heat, cold, massage, and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (tens) - stimulation of broad fibers is thought to close the gate. Narrow nerve fibers are stimulated by injury and damage to the tissues - stimulation of narrow nerve fibers is thought to open the gate.

Related Questions

1. The nurse working in a long-term care facility incorporates a focused assessment of
the immune system for all newly admitted patients over the age of 65. Older adults

are more likely to develop problems related to immune function than are middle-
aged people. The focused immune assessment includes a systemic approach based

on age-related changes in immunologic function. (Learning Objective 4)
a. What changes in the immune system in the older adult increase the incidence of
infection and cancer in this population?
b. Explain why older adults may have decreased inflammatory responses.
c. Why are older adults at increased risk of gastroenteritis and diarrhea secondary
to proliferation of intestinal organisms?

2. The nurse educator for an oncology unit is preparing an in-service presentation for
new nurses about the care of patients with immunodeficiencies. Patients with cancer
who are receiving chemotherapy, as well as those with bone marrow transplants, are
immunocompromised and require special attention to assess for signs of infection.
The nurse educator focuses on special care needs of this patient population.
a. What is the rationale for assessing the pulse and respiratory rates for 1 full
minute in a patient with immunodeficiency?
b. What special precautions about dietary restrictions and food preparation should
be included in the teaching for a patient with immunodeficiency?
c. What nursing actions should be implemented to decrease the risk of infection in
the patient with immunodeficiency?
3. Molly Baker, a 22-year-old patient, presents to the clinic with the diagnosis of
allergic rhinitis. She states that she develops paroxysmal sneezing, clear nasal
drainage and congestion, watery, red eyes, and nasal itching from the late spring
until the first frost in the fall. She states that she has a dry cough and voice
hoarseness. She complains of feeling extremely tired, unable to sleep at night, and
having difficulty concentrating on her collegiate course work.
a. What further assessment should the nurse provide?

Ellie Long, a 55-year-old patient, presents to the pain clinic with the diagnosis of
fibromyalgia syndrome. The nurse at the clinic obtains a history and physical
assessment of the patient. (Learning Objective 2)
a. On what areas should the nurse concentrate when interviewing the patient
during the history process?
b. On what areas should the nurse concentrate when assessing the patient?
c. What diagnostic tests are used with fibromyalgia syndrome?

goldworm200

How many calories in that fast-food meal? Ontario menu labelling legislation takes effect
Jan. 1
CBC News · Posted: Dec 29, 2016
Restaurant-goers in Ontario are going to notice a little extra something on some menus as of Jan.
1: calorie counts.
Legislation that comes into effect Sunday under the Healthy Menu Choices Act, 2015 requires
that all restaurants with 20 or more locations must clearly display the caloric information for any
food and drink items.
Not only will the information have to be on menus, but it will also need to be clearly displayed
on menu boards and even on restaurant apps. Hospitals, schools, daycares and correctional
institutions are exempt.
The Heart and Stroke Foundation supports the initiative, believing that providing people with
more information helps them make better choices.
"Menu labelling is one small thing that empowers parents and empowers Ontarians to take
control of the choices that they make when they're having lunch or dinner at a restaurant," said
Joe Belfontaine, executive director of the Ontario branch of the Heart and Stroke Foundation.
"Certainly it's not the end-all or be-all, but it's an important tool in the toolbox."
Although Ontario is the first province in the country to require nutritional labelling at restaurants,
Belfontaine said that he hopes other provinces will follow suit.
Will it make a difference?
Whether including caloric counts will have any lasting health benefits, however, is questionable.
New York City has had food labelling requirements at restaurants since 2008. Since then,
researchers have attempted to ascertain whether it's made a difference to the city's population.
Calories of each food item appear on a McDonald's drive-thru menu in New York City. The city
made it mandatory for restaurants to display nutritional information since 2008. (Associated
Press)
A 2012 study in the American Journal of Public Health concluded posting calories on foods had
no direct impact on what foods people chose to buy. Over time, it appeared that people simply
ignored the labelling altogether.
A more recent study from Tulane University suggested that the New York City mandate
"plausibly reduced the obesity rate by 2.5 percentage points."
Dr. Sean Wharton, an internal medicine specialist who also runs a weight management and
diabetes clinic in Toronto, believes that the move is a positive one by the government,
particularly for those who are paying close attention to their nutrition. However, it's likely a
different story for the general population.
"From an overall population level, I'm not so sure it'll have the big impact that we're actually
looking for," Wharton said.
"I don't think it's going to decrease weight from a population basis, but I think an informed
consumer is better at making choices and making judgements."
Wharton also noted that data supporting the idea of health benefits from such labelling is weak.
As well, he said, no studies have found that nutrition intake is any better in a general population
when such measures are undertaken.
While the evidence may be slim for a smaller waistline associated with menu labelling, experts
believe that it's important that people make informed decisions.
"I think it's important for consumers to have choice," Belfontaine said. "I think it's important for
consumers to have the right information."

Requiring restaurants to put calorie counts on menus is an example of which mechanism of policy

A. Exhortation
B. Expenditure
C. Taxation
D. Regulation
E. Public Ownership

Dr Wharton suggests that “an informed consumer is better at making choices and making judgements.” What ethical principle does this represent?

A. Autonomy
B. Non-maleficence
C. Beneficence
D. Justice

pearferret703

PRN0098C Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation, Neuropathic Pain, Opioid Receptor

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