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We all know that Vitamin D "build strong bones and teeth" and,yet, NOW you know that the activated version of Vitamin D,calcitriol, activates osteoclasts, which break down bone.

Explain the paradox: how is it possible for Vitamin D to buildstrong bones and teeth if its effect is to stimulate osteoclastsinto breaking down bone mineral?

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Casey Durgan
Casey DurganLv2
28 Sep 2019
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Related questions

COLLAPSE

You might have heard not too long ago about a caseinvolving a New Jersey company called Biomedical Tissue Services,which was accused of selling processed body parts from stolencadavers. Bone and tissue from some of these bodies turned up inJoplin, Missouri, and were used in surgeries performed recently inboth of our local hospitals. They have of course turned up in manyother places also.

The body parts processing industry is a largely unknown but verylucrative –and usually legal – industry that takes tissue, bone,tendons, ligaments, heart valves, corneas, and various other bodyparts, processes them, and turns them into products that can beused in various kinds of surgery. Some 20,000 bodies are “processed” in this way in the U.S. each year. Typically, a familywill consent to the donation, and the body is then taken by anon-profit body harvesting foundation. This foundation then passesthe body on to various specialized companies for a token price, andthese companies then harvest the different body parts, and processand sell them to medical supply companies, which then sell them tohospitals. Every one makes a profit in these transactions exceptthe donor and the donor’s family. It is estimated that a singledonor body can generate the raw material for products that sell forup to a total of $220,000.00. If vital organs are included, thebody might generate up to a $1,000,000.00 worth of products. Theethical dilemma I would like you to discuss here concerns thequestion of whether families of donors should be paid for bodyparts donations? Is it fair that others make a handsome profit fromthe sale of body parts, but those who “donate” them don’t? If youthink people or their families should be paid when they donate, doyou feel the same way about vital organs like hearts, lungs,kidneys, etc.?

For your information – and at risk of making this posting overlylong – here is some more information about what body parts can bedonated and how they are used. Cadaver skin is used both for burnvictims and in cosmetic surgery, and skin from a single donor canbe turned into product that can be sold for several tens ofthousands of dollars. Tendons and ligaments are of course used inknee and joint surgery and they can cost patients thousands ofdollars each. Corneas can fetch $2400.00 per pair. A heart valvecosts around $7000.00. One catalogue lists 650 body parts productsthat can be purchased. Separate bones are harvested, and bones arealso fashioned into various sizes and shapes, and ground down topowder form and used in bone paste, screws, wedges, and putty.Products are typically freeze dried or frozen so that they canremain useable for up to five years after harvesting.

U.S. law requires that body parts be harvested only from donorswho have signed consent forms. There is also rigorous medicaltesting that is required, including screening for HIV, Hepatitus Band C, and syphilis. Needless to say, none of this testing was doneon the cadavers stolen by Biomedical Tissue Services. This companyis now out of business and its former owner, Michael Mastromarino,is in jail. Surely, we all agree that what Mastromarino’s companydid was wrong, but what do you think of the larger question? Whencompanies make hundreds of thousands of dollars from donated bodyparts, is it fair that the donors and their families getnothing?

Select the statements that correctly represent the theory ofevolution. Select all that apply.

Evolution is partly about inheritance. Evidence of evolution isseen in structures such as wisdom teeth and the tail bone inhumans. These structures are thought to be “left over” from ourancestors and no longer appear to have any essential function inmodern humans.

Natural selection means that today’s organisms are perfectlyadapted after millions of years of fine-tuning. No further changesare necessary because of all the progress that has been made bynatural selection.

We can see evidence of past natural selection in adaptationssuch as the camouflage of moths perched on the bark of their hosttree. We can also see natural selection at work today if we trackhow populations change in rapidly changing environments.

The theory of evolution does not apply to life today. It isstrictly about the history of life: what happened in the past asseen in fossils.

Scientists disagree about the main ideas of evolutionary theorybecause of incomplete or conflicting evidence.

Question 2

Select one answer.

10 points

The ability or tendency of organisms and cells to maintainstable internal conditions is called

metabolism

homeostasis

emergent property

evolution

Question 3

Select one answer.

10 points

Why do organisms maintain fairly steady conditions within theircells and bodies?

They need to keep conditions stable so that they can obtainfood.

Organisms just change along with whatever is happening in theoutside world, which is usually quite steady.

They must maintain stable conditions to keep their enzymesworking and generally to enable the chemical reactions of life.

Unstable conditions will destroy the DNA in cells; this is themost important risk for a cell facing physical or chemicalstress.

Question 4

Select one answer.

10 points

An organism or cell exhibits ____________ when it maintainssteady internal conditions despite changes in the outerenvironment.

homeostasis

evolution

balance

natural selection

Question 5

Select one answer.

10 points

Which type of molecule best illustrates the very strongrelationship between structure and function in biology?

enzymes

oxygen gas

all kinds of organic matter

water

Question 6

Select one answer.

10 points

Which best expresses how nutrients and energy move throughlife?

Nutrients flow from sunlight to organic matter to heat. Energycycles among all life forms.

Nutrients cycle among all life forms. Energy flows from sunlightto chemical energy to heat.

Nutrients and energy both are continually recycled in a greatcircle of life.

Question 7

Select one answer.

10 points

Which of the following is not a recurring theme in biology?

Living organisms maintain homeostasis.

Energy flows through living systems while matter isrecycled.

Evolutionary processes explain both the unity and adaptivediversity of life.

All of these are recurring themes.

Question 8

Select one answer.

10 points

Which statement about evolution is FALSE?

According to evolutionary theory, you are related to abacterium, to a yeast cell, to a snake, and to a whale. In fact,you are related to every species now alive on Earth, and to fossilspecies like dinosaurs as well.

Evolution occurs constantly, without end; there is no endpointin evolution.

Natural selection acts on genetic differences within apopulation to cause evolution. Individuals do not evolve.

Natural selection is about slow but steady progress. Through it,populations constantly get better-adapted. When this process iscompleted for all populations, evolution will come to a stop.

Question 9

Select one answer.

10 points

Imagine you have a peanut butter sandwich in front of you. Thesandwich is an example of _______.

matter

energy

Question 10

Select one answer.

10 points

You provide your gut bacteria with a warm place to live. Theyprovide you with vitamins and other services. This most directlyrepresents an example of...

shared ancestry of all life

natural selection

homeostasis

interdependence of life

Conformity and obedience are forms of social influence, one of the subfields within social psychology. Conformity research addresses the influence the group majority has on individual and group behavior. Sherif and Asch conducted seminal studies on conformity. These researchers and others provide a clear picture of the influence of a group majority on the individual and factors that influence conformity. Research also provides insights into how a minority can influence a group (Fiske, 2014).

For this Discussion, review this week’s media program, Week 6: The Virtual Office. Consider how

Conformity occurred in the virtual office and describes the conditions that led to conformity.

With these thoughts in mind:

1. A brief description of two conditions in the media that led to conformity and explain why.

Using the current literature, explain one way to alter the conditions in the scenario to prevent conformity.

Finally, provide an example where conformity might be good and explain why.

Media Reference

(Interior of the office. Carter and Teresa are talking near the coffee pot.)

CARTER: So how's the job treating you now that you have three months under your belt?

TERESA: I really like it. The hours have been great so far, and working with cardboard has been really fascinating and informative.

CARTER: I know, right? Sometimes it feels too good to be true.

(Jeannette walks toward Carter and Teresa.)

JEANETTE: Morning guys, how's it going?

CARTER: Can't complain, really.

TERESA: Just another Monday.

JEANETTE: Well, here's a bit of news to perk you up. The big boss has asked you, Teresa, to join Carter here, Brian, and myself on our client's specialty subcommittee.

TERESA: Wow, really? What does that even entail?

JEANETTE: Well the three of us have been on this group for a little over a year now. And we basically just brainstorm new client strategies to bring in new ones, and retain our good ones. But of course when I say, "we," I mean Carter and me.

TERESA: Oh?

CARTER: Yeah, have you had much interaction with Brian?

TERESA: Only in passing really. We haven't done any projects together.

JEANETTE: Well you'll see soon enough, that even when you are on a project with him it still feels like “in passing. “

CARTER: He's what you might call "unmotivated," never comes up with ideas, never volunteers to take charge. He's basically dead weight.

TERESA: Well I guess now that you mention it, I have walked passed his desk fairly often and seen him looking at a lot of non-work-related websites.

JEANETTE: Exactly. That's all he ever does. And yet, somehow, he's a notch above us on the totem pole. I've been here for five years and I could really do a lot from his position. It's just not right.

CARTER: That's true. He's really become dead weight lately. I hear he isn't helping his group at all in the packaging presentation to the board either. It's embarrassing. I mean, I know the three of us are constantly embracing the clearly stated company work culture that promotes focused and hard work, whereas he's only promoting slacking. Frankly, I think it's infuriating.

JEANETTE: That is so not fair. Maybe the three of us should all go into the boss's office and say, "Listen, we don't think Brian is pulling his weight anymore. Maybe it's time for change," and then we can just list off everything we've noticed.

CARTER: Absolutely.

TERESA: I don't know if it'd be right for me. I'm still pretty new, and haven't really had much interaction with him.

JEANETTE: Oh no, it's fine. You've seen enough, and it'll definitely sound better coming from all three of us, right?

CARTER: I think so too. It's been a long time coming. Should I set up a meeting with the boss this afternoon? Teresa, are you free around four?

TERESA: Umm, yeah, sure. I can definitely be there.

JEANETTE: Perfect. This is going to be such a relief.

(Brian walks into the break room.)

BRIAN: Morning guys.

JEANETTE, CARTER, and TERESA: Morning Brian.

(Carter, Teresa, and Jeanette turn and walk out of the break room.)

(Onscreen Text: Multiple conditions can lead to conformity. Post a brief description of two conditions in the virtual office which led to conformity to occur and why.)

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