You might have heard not too long ago about a caseinvolving a New Jersey company called Biomedical Tissue Services,which was accused of selling processed body parts from stolencadavers. Bone and tissue from some of these bodies turned up inJoplin, Missouri, and were used in surgeries performed recently inboth of our local hospitals. They have of course turned up in manyother places also.

The body parts processing industry is a largely unknown but verylucrative âand usually legal â industry that takes tissue, bone,tendons, ligaments, heart valves, corneas, and various other bodyparts, processes them, and turns them into products that can beused in various kinds of surgery. Some 20,000 bodies are âprocessedâ in this way in the U.S. each year. Typically, a familywill consent to the donation, and the body is then taken by anon-profit body harvesting foundation. This foundation then passesthe body on to various specialized companies for a token price, andthese companies then harvest the different body parts, and processand sell them to medical supply companies, which then sell them tohospitals. Every one makes a profit in these transactions exceptthe donor and the donorâs family. It is estimated that a singledonor body can generate the raw material for products that sell forup to a total of $220,000.00. If vital organs are included, thebody might generate up to a $1,000,000.00 worth of products. Theethical dilemma I would like you to discuss here concerns thequestion of whether families of donors should be paid for bodyparts donations? Is it fair that others make a handsome profit fromthe sale of body parts, but those who âdonateâ them donât? If youthink people or their families should be paid when they donate, doyou feel the same way about vital organs like hearts, lungs,kidneys, etc.?

For your information â and at risk of making this posting overlylong â here is some more information about what body parts can bedonated and how they are used. Cadaver skin is used both for burnvictims and in cosmetic surgery, and skin from a single donor canbe turned into product that can be sold for several tens ofthousands of dollars. Tendons and ligaments are of course used inknee and joint surgery and they can cost patients thousands ofdollars each. Corneas can fetch $2400.00 per pair. A heart valvecosts around $7000.00. One catalogue lists 650 body parts productsthat can be purchased. Separate bones are harvested, and bones arealso fashioned into various sizes and shapes, and ground down topowder form and used in bone paste, screws, wedges, and putty.Products are typically freeze dried or frozen so that they canremain useable for up to five years after harvesting.

U.S. law requires that body parts be harvested only from donorswho have signed consent forms. There is also rigorous medicaltesting that is required, including screening for HIV, Hepatitus Band C, and syphilis. Needless to say, none of this testing was doneon the cadavers stolen by Biomedical Tissue Services. This companyis now out of business and its former owner, Michael Mastromarino,is in jail. Surely, we all agree that what Mastromarinoâs companydid was wrong, but what do you think of the larger question? Whencompanies make hundreds of thousands of dollars from donated bodyparts, is it fair that the donors and their families getnothing?

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Please Help I keep getting 9/15 and the sytemwont let me know which is inncorect. I only have one moreattempt

QUESTION 1

You examine a young patient in the emergencyroom who is complaining of ankle pain following a soccer game. Thepatient demonstrates to you that an accident resulted in his footbeing forced into an excessively inverted position. Based on thisscenario, which of the following is the most likely injury?

A. fractured lateral malleolus

B. medial malleolar dislocation

C. fractured talus

D. fractured calcaneus

E. tibial dislocation

QUESTION 2

Which of the following is incorrect pertainingto human locomotion?

A. Theknee extensors contract during the first part of the stancephase.

B. Thestance phase of walking is longer than the swing phase.

C. Thestance phase of walking begins with ï¿½foot-flatï¿½ as the entireplantar surface of the foot contacts the ground.

D. Thepush-off phase of walking is associated with contraction of theplantar flexors.

E. During walking there is a period when both feet are in contact withthe ground.

QUESTION 3

Which of the following would conclusivelydemonstrate functionality of the deep fibular nerve?

A. inversion of the foot

B. response to pin prick on the foot at the level of the malleoli

C. response to pin prick on the anteromedial surface of the middle ofthe leg

D. eversion of the foot

E. response to pin prick on the foot between the first and secondtoes

QUESTION 4

Which of the following is not correct for thecribriform plate?

A. Itis part of the ethmoid bone.

B. Itis located posterior to the frontal crest.

C. Itis located in the middle cranial fossa.

D. Itlies adjacent to the crista galli.

E. Itpossesses numerous tiny foramina that transmit olfactorynerves.

QUESTION 5

During a difficult delivery an obstetricianuses forceps to extract the infant. Upon examining the baby younotice forceps impressions posteroinferior to the ear. You are mostconcerned that the:

A. styloid process and associated muscles may have been avulsed.

B. forceps may have penetrated a fontanelle.

C. middle ear cavity may have been crushed.

D. facial nerve may have been injured.

E. mastoid process may have been avulsed.

QUESTION 6

Which of the following is incorrect pertainingto the scalp?

A. Blood vessels and nerves enter the scalp inferiorly.

B. Thescalp muscles (e.g., occipitofrontalis) are attached to thepericranium.

C. Scalp injuries can result in ï¿½black eyes.ï¿½

D. Superficial wounds do not gape because the margins of the wound areheld together by the epicranial aponeurosis.

E. Scalp infections may spread to the brain via emissary veins thatpass through parietal foramina.

QUESTION 7

Which of the following associations pertainingto the dural venous sinuses is incorrect?

A. confluence of the sinusesï¿½near internal occipital protuberance

B. arachnoid granulationsï¿½calcifications of arachnoid mater within thesinuses associated with arteriosclerosis

C. occipital sinusï¿½metastases via internal vertebral venousplexuses

D. inferior sagittal sinusï¿½located within the falx cerebri

E. sigmoid sinusï¿½continues inferiorly as internal jugular vein

QUESTION 8

You examine a comatose patient in theemergency room. His wife relates that her husband was struckaccidentally in his ï¿½templeï¿½ by a baseball. After an initial periodof unconsciousness, he seemed to be okay but later became drowsyand comatose. You suspect that the patient is suffering from:

A. anextradural (epidural) hematoma caused by a laceration of thetransverse venous sinus.

B. anextradural (epidural) hematoma caused by a laceration of a branchof the middle meningeal artery.

C. asubdural hematoma caused by a laceration of a branch of the middlemeningeal artery.

D. asubarachnoid hemorrhage caused by a laceration of the internalcarotid artery.

E. asubdural hematoma caused by a laceration of a branch of thetransverse venous sinus.

QUESTION 9

Which of the following associations isincorrect pertaining to the blood supply of the brain?

A. anterior communication arteryï¿½connects anterior cerebralarteries

B. middle cerebral arteryï¿½supplies the lateral surface of thebrain

C. cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis)ï¿½in most cases preventsdevelopment of neurological symptoms following acute ischemicstroke

D. cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis)ï¿½an anastomosis betweenthe two vertebral and two internal carotid arteries

E. hemorrhagic strokeï¿½severe headache and stiff neck

QUESTION 10

Which of the following is not correctpertaining to olfaction?

A. Theolfactory tract terminates in the medulla.

B. Theaxons of secondary olfactory neurons form the olfactory tract.

C. Thecentral processes of the right and left olfactory receptor neuronseach collectively form the right and left olfactory nerve.

D. Thecentral processes of the olfactory receptor neurons pass throughforamina in the cribriform plate.

E. Theolfactory nerves terminate in the olfactory bulb, which is incontact with the orbital surface of the frontal lobe of thebrain.

QUESTION 11

Upon neurological examination, you notice aslow pupillary light reflex in a patient's right eye. Which of thefollowing is consistent with this sign?

A. compression of the right facial nerve proximal to the geniculateganglion

B. compression of the right facial nerve distal to the geniculateganglion

C. compression of the right oculomotor nerve

D. lesion of the left long ciliary nerves

E. lesion of the right nasociliary nerve

QUESTION 12

Which of the following is not correct for thetrochlear nerve?

A. Itpasses through the superior orbital fissure.

B. Nerve injury is characterized by inability to focus on nearobjects.

C. Itinnervates the superior oblique.

D. Nerve injury is characterized by lack of coordination for the twoeyes when looking downwards.

E. Itemerges from the posterior aspect of the brainstem.

QUESTION 13

Which of the following is not correct for themotor fibers of the trigeminal nerve?

A. Theyinnervate the muscles of mastication.

B. Theypass through foramen ovale.

C. Theyare distributed entirely with the mandibular division.

D. Theyinnervate the tensor tympani muscle.

E. Theyoriginate in the trigeminal ganglion.

QUESTION 14

A lesion of the facial nerve may result in allof the following except:

A. lossof taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.

B. increase in loudness of sound

C. partial sensory denervation of the auricle.

D. inability to open eye.

E. lossof tear production.

QUESTION 15

Which of the following is not correctpertaining to the VIIIth (vestibulorcochlear) cranial nerve?

A. Itcontains somatic motor fibers.

B. Itenters the internal acoustic meatus.

C. Alesion can result in vertigo.

D. Alesion can result in tinnitus.

E. Alesion can result in hearing loss.

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There are six bones that make up the orbital region of the human skeleton. Identify the six bones and the fissures and/or canal(s) present. Explain how each bone is attached to each other using directional terms (anterior, posterior, superior, inferior, medial and lateral).

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