Log in
Biology
1
answer
0
watching
208
views

Smaller mammals and birds have faster heart rates than larger ones. It would be useful to have a model that might explain this variation in heart rates. A warm-blooded animal uses large quantities of energy in order to maintain body temperature, because of heat loss through its body surface. Since cold-blooded animals require very little energy when they are resting, the major energy drain on a resting warm blooded animal seems to be maintenance of body temperature. Let’s explore a model based on this idea. The amount of energy available is roughly proportional to blood flow through the heart to the lungs – the source of oxygen. At rest, the amount of energy available is proportional to the amount of heat lost, which is proportional to body surface area. (a) Show that the basal (resting) blood flow f is related to the body weight w by (approximately) f ∝ w 2/3 . Define all the variables that you use. (b) Derive a model that relates basal pulse rate p to body weight w as (approximately) p ∝ w −1/3 . What assumption(s) did you make about hearts?

Watch
1
answer
0
watching
208
views

For unlimited access to Homework Help, a Homework+ subscription is required.

Jean Keeling
Jean KeelingLv2
28 Sep 2019

Unlock all answers

Get 1 free homework help answer.
Already have an account? Log in
Share

Related textbook solutions

Molecular Cell Biology
8 Edition,
Lodish
ISBN: 9781464183393
Biology: Science for Life with Physiology
6 Edition,
Belk
ISBN: 9780134555430
Biology
2nd Edition, 2013
Openstax
ISBN: 9781947172517
Concepts of Biology
OER Edition,
Openstax
ISBN: 9781938168116
Essentials of Biology
5 Edition,
Mader
ISBN: 9781259660269

Related questions

Complete Question Text:

1. A patient comes to a doctor complaining of muscle cramping.As part of her examination, the doctor notes that the patient has aslow pulse. Additionally, in the past year the patient has brokenher hand and her arm in seemingly minor falls. What variable do youpredict the patient is having trouble regulating?

Fat
K+
ATP
Ca2+

2. Allen's rule is a biological rule that states that the limbsof warm blooded animals that live in colder climates are differentthan the limbs of the same species of animals in warmer climates.In what way do you expect them to be different and why?

Shorter because a low surface area to volume ratio is best formaintaining heat
Longer because a high surface area to volume ratio is best formaintaining heat. ????
Longer because a low surface area to volume ratio is best formaintaining heat
Shorter because a high surface area to volume ratio is best formaintaining heat.

3. Pepsin is a digestive enzyme. It is made in an inactive form,pepsinogen, which is activated by the acidity of the stomach toself-cleave (cut itself) into a formed called the cleaved molecule.This cleaved molecule is active pepsin, which goes on to cleavemore pepsinogen molecules, leading to a cascade of rapid pepsinactivation (and many more active pepsin molecules). This pathway isan example of:

a feedforward regulation

a positive feedback loop

a negative feedback loop

conditioning

4. The human body's arterial blood pH is tightly maintainedaround 7.4 by buffering agents that bind hydrogen ions to stop anychange in pH. If an acid-base imbalance overcomes the buffersystem, the body changes the ventilation rate, or the rate at whichgas enters or leaves the lungs. Changing the ventilation ratechanges the concentration of CO2 in the blood, which alters the pHof the blood. In this case, the muscles that control theventilation rate are acting as the:

homeostatic challenge
sensor
effector
integrator

5. The human body's arterial blood pH is tightly maintainedaround 7.4 by buffering agents that bind hydrogen ions to stop anychange in pH. If an acid-base imbalance overcomes the buffersystem, the body changes the ventilation rate, or the rate at whichgas enters or leaves the lungs. Changing the ventilation ratechanges the concentration of CO2 in the blood, which alters the pHof the blood. In this case, pH 7.4 is the:

homeostatic challenge
sensor
effector
set point

6. What is the equivalent of the mammalian mouth and nose in therespiratory system of insects?

alveoli
spiracles
tracheoles
epithelial tissue

7. For cells to maintain an appropriate solute concentration,_____ will occur; for cells to maintain an appropriate waterconcentration, _____ will occur.

diffusion, osmosis
osmosis, diffusion
diffusion, facilitated diffusion
diffusion, active transport

8. A marine fish with a cold body temperature that matches itscold surroundings is an example of

negative feedback

regulating
conforming
homeostasis

9 Fiddler crabs are small crabs that inhabit intertidal areas.When the tide comes in, the salinity rises to 35ppt and when thetide leaves, the salinity falls to 5ppt. Fiddler crabs can maintaintheir internal salinity at 32ppt when the external environmentranges from 20-40ppt, but cannot regulate at levels higher or lowerthan this. The range of 20-40ppt is the ____________________ forthese animals.

zone of conforming
zone of stability
osmoregulator conforming capacity
positive feedback effector range

10. Imagine you are entering a darkened cavern. You are excited,but also a little nervous. Your heart rate quickens, your bloodpressure rises slightly, and your digestive system activitydecreases as blood is diverted to your muscles—all changes thatprepare you should you need to move rapidly. This type of change isan example of:

positive feedback control
negative feedback control
a failure of homeostasis
feedforward regulation

Please help answer both parts of the question with full detail.Will give good rating.

a) Contrary to what we may have grown up learning, only smallanimals hibernate (not completely true…black bears are now believedto hibernate, however it’s a different mechanism than smallanimals-more on this later in the semester). Hibernation occurswhen an animal lowers its metabolic rate below it’sBMR.

Lets explore this relationship between hibernation and bodysize, by considering stored energy and the rate of energymetabolism (utilization). Here, you will calculate whetherhibernation is necessary by comparing a 1200 pound polar bear and a1.5 pound grey squirrel (like those living here in Columbus). Wecan compare how long each could survive during a winter fast ifthey used only body fat as their energy source, and do nothibernate (which requires a drop in metabolism below the BMR). Theweight-specific Basal metabolic rate (BMR) of mammals is 4.46M-0.30 when expressed in units ofmLO2consumed per gram of body tissue perhour and (importantly) weight is calculated ingrams. For this simple estimate, you may use BMR, but keepin mind that small animals have a larger increase in metabolismwith temperature than large animals. Calculate how long each animalcould survive on stored fat equal to 20% of its total body weight(this is a fairly reasonable fat amount found in both squirrels andbears in nature). Make sure you keep all units very clear duringthis calculation, there are many steps.

Potentially useful information:

The value of energy content of fat is 9.3 kCal per gram of fatand 2.0 L of O2 are consumed per gram of fatmetabolized. There are 5280 feet in a mile, and 1.0 foot = 0.3048meters. One calorie = 4.184 joules. One pound (lb) = 454 grams andone ounce is 28.375 grams.

b) Given your results, what do you think might be the potentialsolutions for a) squirrels and b) polar bears for surviving throughthe winter (keeping in mind that food is scarce so they can’t juststay awake and look for food!) This should only be a FEWsentences!

11. Which of the following is an attribute of a scientifically literate person?

A. Creates templates for understanding

B. Constructs hypothetical arguments for discussion

C. Respects the rights of self determination

D. Uses scientific evidence to understand the natural world

E. Reports on social phenomena consistently

12. Which of the following does not contribute to the Calorie intake of a person?

A. Protein

B. Carbohydrate

C. Fat

D. Alcohol

E. Water

13. Which of the following is not a technique used to measure body composition?

A. Skin-fold calipers

B. Bod PodÒ

C. Body mass index

D. Hydrostatic weighing

E. Light absorption technique

14. Which of the following behavioral techniques supports healthy body weight changes?

A. Feasting

B. Fasting

C. Goal setting and a plan

D. Eating vegetables and meat

E. Regularly measuring body composition

15. The purpose of the warm-up is to:

A. Slowly increase the pulse rate to an aerobic level.

B. Facilitate vascular changes (splenic shunt) to accommodate aerobic exercise.

C. Gear up the energy metabolism, i.e., increase the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the working muscle, and raise the temperature to an optimal level for energy production.

D. Increase the elasticity of the muscle fibers, which helps to prevent muscle, tendon, ligament, and joint injuries, as well as improve muscle contraction and preserve muscle glycogen in addition to reducing the amount of lactic acid build-up in the muscles.

E. All of the above

16. Which of the following reflects an improvement in cardiovascular health resulting from regular engagement in aerobic exercise?

A. Increased lean body mass

B. Increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL)

C. Stress relief

D. Improvement in sleep pattern

E. Reduced risk for developing certain types of cancer

17. The purpose of a cool-down is to:

A. slowly decrease pulse rate.

B. decrease core body temperature.

C. slowly constrict blood vessels.

D. continue adequate supply of blood to the brain, and facilitate removal of metabolic waste products from the muscles.

E. All of the above

18. A person trying to gain lean body mass has:

A. increased fluid needs.

B. decreased fat needs.

C. altered fitness needs.

D. increased protein and strength training needs.

E. decreased electrolyte needs.

19. Vitamin A in the form of _____ is used to treat acne.

A. retinol

B. retinal

C. retinoic acid

D. beta-carotene

E. lycopene

20. Which of the following is a genetic disease for which a low intake of copper is a component of treatment?

A. Pellagra

B. Wilson’s disease

C. Hemochromatosis

D. Beriberi

E. Goiter

21. Which of the following nutrients is used to treat scurvy?

A. Folate

B. Riboflavin

C. Vitamin C

D. Niacin

E. Vitamin D

22. Which of the following groups is at highest risk for hemolytic anemia?

A. Premature infants

B. Elderly people who do not get exposure to sunlight

C. Pregnant women

D. Teenagers who do not drink enough water

E. Someone who does not consume animal meat or products

23. Iron deficiency causes:

A. microcytic normochromic anemia.

B. macrocytic hypochromic anemia.

C. microcytic hypochromic anemia.

D. macrocytic normochromic anemia.

E. macrocytic hyperchromic anemia.

24. Acrodermatitis enteropathica is caused by a deficiency of:

A. iron.

B. zinc.

C. chromium.

D. choline.

E. molybdenum.

25. Which of the following is required for the absorption of vitamin B12?

A. A coenzyme

B. Intrinsic factor

C. Vitamin C

D. Bile acids

E. None of the above

26. Which nutrient potentiates the action of insulin?

A. Magnesium

B. Fluoride

C. Chromium

D. Selenium

E. Iodine

27. Which mineral is a central component of vitamin B12?

A. Iron

B. Copper

C. Cobalt

D. Zinc

E. Molybdenum

28. Iodine is a component of:

A. hemoglobin.

B. myoglobin.

C. intrinsic factor.

D. insulin.

E. thyroxine.

29. Which of the following statements is not true regarding the diagnosis of a nutritional deficiency?

A. Dietary records should demonstrate low intake for that nutrient.

B. Blood levels should demonstrate high body levels of the nutrient.

C. Tissue levels should demonstrate low body levels of the nutrient.

D. Nutrient supplementation should correct the deficiency symptoms.

E. Clinical deficiency symptoms should be compatible with a low dietary intake.

30. Vitamin C helps maintain tissue integrity by:

A. neutralizing foreign proteins.

B. creating an alkaline cell environment.

C. recognizing cell boundaries.

D. forming collagen to bind cells together.

E. increasing inflammation

Weekly leaderboard

Home
Homework Help 3,900,000
Biology 460,000
Start filling in the gaps now
Log in