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21 Apr 2019

Polyploidy is common in plants. This occurs where there are more than two complete sets of chromosomes. In agriculture, it is common to create triploid fruit with three complete sets of chromosomes, which are sterile, and therefore, seedless. Using what you know about meiosis, predict why two triploid plants would be unable to successfully create offspring.

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Hubert Koch
Hubert KochLv2
22 Apr 2019

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Related questions

Ploidy refers to the number of complete sets of chromosomes (genes) present in a cell. The number of chromosomes in a complete set is a fixed characteristic of a species. Humans are diploid with two sets of 23 chromosomes. Fruit flies are diploid with two sets of 4 chromosomes. Sexually reproducing organisms are diploid, each somatic cell of an organism has two complete sets ("di" is a prefix indicating 2.). To complete a life cycle and reproduce new members of a species, mating is required. Mating brings a donation from a male and a donation from a female together. However, if the male and female cells remain diploid, the fertilization will result in a tetraploid zygote. In general, these are not viable. A mechanism is needed to form special haploid cells, gametes. The diploid set is split precisely into two complete haploid sets. That mechanism is meiosis.

The complete set of chromosomes of a species is also the complete set of genes of a species, the genome. (Yes, there is a minor contribution from mitochondria and chloroplasts. Inheritance of this information is "cytoplasmic".)

Please answer the following questions:

1. How many chromosomes in a brain cell of a fruit fly? How many chromosomes are in a liver cell of a human? Explain both answers.

2. How many chromosomes are in a fruit fly unfertilized egg? How many chromosomes are in a human egg? Explain both answers.

3. Why is meiosis necessary for sexually reproducing organisms? How many chromosomes are in a human zygote? Relate the two answers.

4. What is a gene allele? Suppose there is a gene called "bingo" and it is present once in a complete haploid set. How many alleles of "bingo" does a diploid individual have? How many copies or versions of the gene "bingo" are present in a diploid individual?

5. Modern DNA sequencing clearly identifies alleles by showing the different DNA sequence of each allele. These alleles may be termed structural alleles (I coined the term for this problem.). Classical genetics only dealt with phenotypes or visible traits. As a result, alleles of genes were identified by functionality, usually normal or non-functional. Using your knowledge of gene structure and gene expression, postulate a relationship between structural alleles and functional alleles. (include relative amounts; more, less, or equal).

What is a genome? What is a genome made of? Describe the bacterial genome. How do bacteria reproduce? What is binary fission? Distinguish between a chromosome and chromatin. Where are chromosomes located in eukaryotic cells? What is the chromosome made of? What is a centromere? What is the centromere's role? What are sister chromatids and how do they arise? Distinguish between somatic cells and germ (gametes) cells. Describe the cell cycle. What are the different phases? What occurs during S phase? What is interphase? How is the cell cycle controlled?

Describe mitosis. What are the phases of mitosis? What occurs in each of the phases of mitosis? What is cytokinesis? How does this differ between plant and animal cells? What is a kinetochore? Where does it form? What is its role? What is the role of microtubules in mitosis? What is a centriole and what is it composed of? What is a centrosome and what is its role in mitosis? What is the metaphase plate and why is this important? What is the mitotic spindle, its role and its makeup? What defines a diploid cell? How many copies of each chromosome is in a diploid cell? What about a haploid cell? Why do the daughter cells of mitosis always have the same complement of chromosomes?

Describe meiosis. What are the phases of meiosis? What occurs in each of the phases of meiosis? Distinguish between meiosis I and meiosis II and describe how each of these processes compare to mitosis. Why do animal cells undergo meiosis? What is a gamete? What is a zygote? What are recombination, crossing-over, and chiasma? When and why does this occur? What is meant by 'homologous pair of chromosomes'? Why don't the daughter cells of meiosis have the same genetic makeup? What controls the segregation of chromosomes into the gametes?

What are genetic characters? What are genetic traits? What is an allele? What is a locus? How many alleles at each locus would a human cell have and why? Distinguish between genotype and phenotype. What is meant by a dominant gene? What is meant by a recessive gene? How do these differ? What is the genotype of a homozygous dominant organism? What is its phenotype? What is the genotype of a homozygous recessive organism? What is its phenotype? What is the genotype of a heterozygous organism? What is its phenotype? What is a genetic cross? Distinguish between the P, F1, and F2 generations. What is a true-breeding line? What is the genotype and phenotype of a cross between homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive parents? If the F1 progeny are crossed, what would be the genotype and phenotype of the F2 generation? What would be the phenotypic ratio? What would be the genotypic ratio? Be ready to generate Punnet square tests or probability analyses of crosses involving more than one genetic locus. Describe a dihybrid cross where two alleles are homozygous dominant in one parent and homozygous recessive in the other. What would be the phenotypic ratio of the F2 generation from this dihybrid cross? What is meant by independent assortment? Be prepared to calculate probabilities resulting from different crosses.

Distinguish between complete and incomplete dominance. How would incomplete dominance alter the results of a hybrid cross? What would the resulting F2 generation phenotype and genotype ratios be? What is codominance? How does this affect the results of crosses? Be prepared to determine likely blood types of parents based on the blood types of their offspring. What is a polygenic trait? What is a carrier state for a genetic disease? What is meant by linked genes? How does this affect expected outcomes of genetic crosses? How is gene linkage used for chromosomal mapping? Distinguish between autosomes and sex chromosomes. What sex chromosomes are found in women? What sex chromosomes are found in men? What are sex-linked traits? Be prepared to give the results of crosses that involve sex-linked recessive traits. What is the process of nondisjunction? What are the likely results? Why is this important? What is a Barr body? Recognize the genetic abnormality of Downs Syndrome, Turner's Syndrome, and Klinefelter's Syndrome.

Yellow seeds on a pea plant are an example of a/an ______.

Question 40 options:

1)

element.

2)

phenotype.

3)

environmental factor.

4)

genotype.

5)

allele.

A plant that produces white flowers is crossed to a plant that produces orange flowers. All of the offspring produced white flowers. What can you conclude?

Question 41 options:

1)

Orange flower color is the dominant phenotype.

2)

White flower color is the dominant phenotype.

3)

The genes for flower color do not assort independently.

4)

The genes for flower color are on separate chromosomes.

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Question 42 (1 point)

What units are bonded together to make a strand of DNA?

Question 42 options:

1)

Proteins

2)

Enzymes

3)

Cells

4)

Nucleotides

5)

Chromatids

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Question 43 (1 point)

Many modern-day trees are tall because ______.

Question 43 options:

1)

it is easier for tall tress to obtain water.

2)

tall tress obtain more sunlight, so they produce more offspring than short trees.

3)

tall trees offer less wind resistance.

4)

tall trees are less affected by disease.

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Question 44 (1 point)

An organism’s phenotype includes ______.

Question 44 options:

1)

its physical characteristics.

2)

its behavior.

3)

none of the above.

4)

both A and B.

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Question 45 (1 point)

Which of these is a correct order of taxonomic categories from less specific to more specific?

Question 45 options:

1)

Kingdom domain phylum order class family genus

2)

Domain phylum kingdom order class family genus

3)

Domain kingdom phylum class order family genus

4)

Domain kingdom class phylum order family genus

5)

Kingdom domain phylum class family order genus

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Question 46 (1 point)

In the scientific name of humans, Homo sapiens, the name “sapiens” is the ______.

Question 46 options:

1)

class.

2)

species.

3)

genus.

4)

order.

5)

family.

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Question 47 (1 point)

Cells occur singly and have a nucleus and other organelles, including chloroplasts. These cells move with flagella. They are ______.

Question 47 options:

1)

bacteria.

2)

protists.

3)

archaea.

4)

fungi.

5)

two of these are possible.

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Question 48 (1 point)

Cilia are ______.

Question 48 options:

1)

the cytoplasmic extensions or false feet used by some cell types for locomotion.

2)

different kinds of cells each designed to perform a different function.

3)

the circular chromosomes of bacteria.

4)

many short hair-like cellular extensions found on the surface of some protists.

5)

a few long whip-like extensions, used by protists for locomotion.

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Question 49 (1 point)

The state of having more than two full sets of chromosomes is called ______.

Question 49 options:

1)

autosomal.

2)

dominant.

3)

polyploidy.

4)

aneuploidy.

5)

nondisjunction.

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Question 50 (1 point)

Which of the following occurs in mitosis but NOT in meiosis?

Question 50 options:

1)

Cells genetically identical to parents are made.

2)

Crossing over.

3)

Independent assortment of chromosomes.

4)

Pairing up of similar chromosomes during prophase.

Yellow seeds on a pea plant are an example of a/an ______.

Question 40 options:

1)

element.

2)

phenotype.

3)

environmental factor.

4)

genotype.

5)

allele.

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