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1-Calcium is one of the electrolytes important in muscle contraction. Large amounts of calcium must be available inside the cell to promote the development of tension in muscle cells. What must happen to intracellular calcium levels for this to occur? 2- What changes in other electrolytes would be expected in hypoparathyroidism-associated hypocalcemia, and what are the expected manifestations?

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Deanna Hettinger
Deanna HettingerLv2
27 Apr 2019

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Related questions

The calcium transporter in muscle cells transports Ca+2 into the sarcoplastic reticulum against a strong concentration gradient using the energy of ATP hydrolysis. Normally, the enzyme only hydrolyzes ATP when it simultaneously transports Ca+2. Suppose that you had a form of the calcium transporter that could hydrolyze ATP without transporting Ca+2. How would this affect U, q and w of the reaction? What would happen to the temperature of the cell?

From my understanding, when the ATP is hydrolyzed without transporting calcium, the energy would not be used...but I do not understand how this relates to U, q and w. Are they all increasing? Decreasing? Staying constant?

And why would the temperature be affected? Is it increasing because more energy is available?

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding sea anemones?
None of the answer options is correct.
Sponges—not sea anemones—possess what is considered to be the “simplest” nervous system found in animals.
Because sea anemones are “simple” organisms, these animals only possess motor neurons; sensory neurons or interneurons are never found in sea anemones.
Although sea anemones possess “net-like” nervous systems, these animals have brains located at their bases (near where they would attach to rocks).
Although sea anemones lack definitive brains, they do possess ganglia that serve a similar function to the paired ganglia of flatworms.
2. Some people have low levels of calcium circulating in the blood, a condition known as hypocalcemia. While for many this disorder has little to no effect, for some it can be life-threatening. How could low levels of calcium harm an individual?
Low levels of calcium would not have any effect on synaptic transmission.
Low levels of calcium would cause sustained depolarization of the presynaptic cell.
Low levels of calcium would result in fewer signals sent between the pre- and postsynaptic cell.
3. Cephalization is: the
All of these choices are correct.
development of a brain within the head of an animal.
concentration of sensory organs within the head end of an animal.
development of a “head end” in an organism.
4. Which of the following are TRUE about the resting membrane potential? (Select all that apply.)
It results from voltage-gated sodium channels remaining open for long periods of time.
It results from K+ ions diffusing out of the cell.
It results from the sodium-potassium pump moving more Na+ ions out of the cell than K+ ions into the cell.
5. Afferent and efferent neurons differ in:
their size.
the directionality of the information they send.
their pattern of myelination.
6. A neuron that responds to the environment is a(n):
interneuron.
homeostatic neuron.
motor neuron.
sensory neuron.
7. Which of the following is NOT the role of an interneuron?
stimulating a muscle to contract
conveying information from the internal environment of an animal
relaying information from sensory to motor neurons
maintaining homeostasis
8. Where are postsynaptic cell receptor proteins synthesized?
the Golgi apparatus
the lysosome
the cytoplasm
the rough endoplasmic reticulum
9. Inhibition of the flexor muscle during the knee-extension reflex is an example of:
homeostasis.
reciprocal inhibition.
negative feedback.
All of these choices are correct.
10. What type of cells produce myelin for sensory neurons?
pyramidal neurons
glial cells
melanocytes
astrocytes

1. What factors determine the contraction of skeletal muscle? How is skeletal muscle contraction and relaxation different from cardiac muscle? How smooth muscle can regulate blood flow and perfusion?

2. Why is the cardiac action potential propagated more slowly in an AV node cell then in an atrial or ventricular myocyte? How can be AV conduction affected by hypokalemia? How hypokalemia can affect cardiac rhythm?

3. What physiological factors influence capillary blood flow? How can this be changed during stress conditions? How capillary blood flow changes during exercise?

4. What are the major compensatory responses to blood loss? List the most important hormones involved. How vasopressin can regulate blood flow?

5. An individual has an episode of gastroenteritis with vomiting and diarrhea. How will this affect his intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments volume and osmolality? What acid-base abnormality will he develop? What treatment regarding water balance would be necessary?

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